immm 



Jaiftt t « 



SY 



NOBLER U PRENTIS 
REVISED EDITION 





o\' 



oV^ 



HISTORY is a revelation, not a recital. It is more than a 
random record of facts, for facts are not derelicts 
floating hither and thither on an unknown sea. They are 
lig-ht-houses for the enlightenment and guidance of intelligent 
voyagers. And he who throws facts together as one throws dice 
is not a historian — he is a juggler in events, for so great an 
authority as Macaulay has said that "facts are the mere dross 
of history." "History is a divine poem," said President Garfield, 
"in which every nation is a canto and every man a word." 
Only those, therefore, who regard facts as milestones on the 
road of progress are capable of writing history. "The historian," 
said Schlegel, "is a prophet looking backwards." 

Noble L. Prentis was such a seer. He gathered facts, not 
as a child gathers trinkets, but as a scientist gathers data. He 
saw significance, purpose and design, in evehts. He was an 
interpreter as well as collator of facts, and this work which 
bears his name has soul in it, as well as facts in it — without 
which an alleged history is not worth the reading. 

I knew this divinely gifted man intimately. A great soul was 
his. He was, perhaps, the most popular and prolific writer who 
ever touched pen to paper in this State. No subject was 
commonplace under the magic of his facile and versatile pen. 
His prodigious memory was a storehouse of history, and his 
analytical mind and great soul enabled him to place proper value 
upon occurrences, and to preserve in this concrete form the 
salient and essential facts in the evolution of the State. "Into 
this garner a great and good man has put the ripened harvest of 
life rich in experience, in knowledge and in wisdom, and left it 
as a dower gf wealth to the schools of Kansas. 

Executive Office, May l-'OS.- E. W. HOCH. 




^.*7<^^ ^ /2l,_2*i, 



A HISTOEY OF KANSAS 



\ 

by" 
NOBLE L. PRENTIS 



Edited and Eevised 

BY 

HENRIETTA V. EACE, A.M., 

PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION, 
/ SOUTHWESTERN COLLEGE. 



Published by Caroline Prentis, 

TOPEKA, KANSAS, 

1909 






Copyright, 1909 

BY 

CAKOLINE PEENTIS 



Cla.A, 244 2 21 
JUL 28 1909 

1^ .ir.v. , 



PREFACE. 



The attempt has been made, in preparing this volume, to give, 
within a convenient compass, the most interesting and material 
occurrences and events in the history of the rise of a great Free 
State from a wilderness. Harrowing details and discreditable 
happenings have been purposely omitted. 

The story has been told as a record of courage, steadfastness, and 
increasing devotion to the principles of human freedom and national 
union. 

No attempt has been made to ''write down" to the supposed 
intellectual capacity of children. Students old enough to enter 
upon the study of the history of an American State, it is believed, 
will find all the statements and conclusions comprehensible. 

It is to be hoped that the reader or student will consider this 
small and necessarily limited history of one State, as a help and 
introduction to the study of the history of the American Union, 
which should be the pride and privilege of every American citizen 
in youth and age. 

NOBLE L. PRENTIS. 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

The Prentis History of Kansas as presented has been thoroughly 
revised and carefully edited. That which was valuable in the 
earlier editions has been retained and much new material has been 
added. 

The book has been worked over with the purpose in view of 
rendering it more teachable and of making the story of the State 
in all its richness of deep, interest to the you"ng student. To this 
end, the subject matter hks been carefully outlined, events have 

. f 5 ! 



Q PREFACE. 

been arranged with the most significant in the foreground, and 
telling scenes have been vividly described. The story of Coronado, 
the life of the Indian, the toil of the missionary, the exciting times 
of the struggle, the lonely heroic life of the pioneer homesteader 
on the prairie, all are written with an idea of bringing to the mind 
of the student, not a dry array of facts but scenes of real life. 
Foot notes judiciously selected give interesting events and lend 
color and tone. 

The philosophy of history is carefully worked out in the Terri- 
torial Period — ^beginning with the development of slavery in the 
United States and continuing through the contest in Congress to 
the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill which was made to get 
the slavery question out of Congress and into the Territory. The 
inevitable result follows and the struggle in Kansas begins. The 
Topeka movement is organized and runs for a time side by side 
with the Territorial government until final victory comes in the 
triumph of the Free State Party. 

The State and Territorial periods are divided into administra- 
tions. This is done to show events in their relation to each other 
and to reveal the different periods as scenes in the life of the 
State. Yet these events are so written that anyone desiring to 
study certain subjects, for instance, < The Topeka Movement, The 
Development of the People's Party, Prohibition or The Work of 
the Women of Kansas, may follow the subject through the admin- 
istrations without difficulty. 

The heroic defense of the State, the patriotic service of the 
Kansas soldier in the Civil War, the bravery of the boys who 
volunteered in the Spanish-American AVar, are subjects that are 
handled so as to develop appreciation and patriotism. 

The value of maps in the study of history has long been acknowl- 
edged. The maps of the text have been carefully made. Every 
place mentioned should be located by the student. 

For the lower grades, the stories of the text will be found fasci- 
nating. Kansas has a history of remarkable interest and great 
value in both her own and national life. The children of so 
notable a State should know of its greatness, and be inspired by 
the heroes who builded even better than they knew. 



PEEFACE. 7 

With a deep sense of gratitude to Miss Eaee for her intelligent, 
conscientious and earnest work in the thorough revision of the 
text, and with sincere appreciation of all kindly criticisms and 
words of commendation, the publisher sends out this new edition, 
believing that a generous reception awaits it. A love for Kansas 
History on the part of the children and youth of the State which 
Mr.'Prentis loved is reward suflS.eient for the writer. 

CAEOLINE PEENTIS. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Kansas Historical Collection (Volumes I to X). 

Eeport of United States Bureau of Ethnology, Volume XIV. 

Kansas — Spring. 

History of Eeady Eeference — Earned. 

The Annals of Kansas — Wilder. 

History of Kansas — Andreas. 

United States History — Fiske. 

The Kansas Conflict — Eobinson, 

Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior Life — Mrs. Eobinson. , 

The Eescue of Kansas from Slavery — Dr. Brown. 

Kansas 1857— T. H. Gladstone. 

The Conquest of Kansas — W. A. Phillips. 

Geary and Kansas — John H. Gihon. 

Kansas and Nebraska Hand-Book — Parker. 

Wars of the Western Border — Brewerton. 

The Santa Fe Trail— Col. Inman. 

Commerce of the Prairie — Gregg. 

Kansas Territorial Governors — Connelley. 

Charles Eobinson — Blackmar. 

Kansas and Nebraska — Edward Everett Hale. 

James Henry I^ane — Connelley. 

John Brown — Connelley. 

Kansas in Literature (Volumes I and II) — Carruth. 

Poems of Iroijquil — Ware. 

Stratagems and Spoils — White. 

In Old Quivera — Margaret Hill McCarter. 

Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia — Henry M. 

Stanley. 
Indian Sketches — Irving. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

INTKODUCTORY. 

Chapter I. Natural Kansas 11 

THE PEEIOD OF EXPLOEATION. 

Chapter II. Spanish Exploration .- 16 

III. French Exploration 24 

IV. American Exploration 31 

V. Some Famous Trails 42 

THE INDIAN COUNTEY. 

Chapter VI. The Country Set Apart for the Indians. 51 

VII. Indian Tribes and Customs 54 

VIJI. Missions, Trading Posts and Forts. ... 59 

THE TEEEITOEIAL PEEIOD. 

review of the situation. 
Chapter IX. The Organic Act. — The Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill ^ 67 

X. Kansas Territory : . . . 71 

the struggle in KANSAS. 

XL Governor Eeeder 's Administration 79 



THE reign of violence. 

XII. Governor Shannon's Administration... 88 

XIII. Governor Geary's Administration 104 

XIV. Governor Walker's Administration. .. .109 

XV. Governor Denver's Administration 116 

making the constitution. 

XVI. Governor Medary's Administration. .. .121 

THE PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 

STATE construction. 

Chapter XVII. Governor Robinson's Administration, 

1861-1863 141 

XVIIf. Governor Carney's Administration, 

1863-1865 .151 

XIX. Governor Crawford's Administration, 

1865-1869 172 



CONTENTS. 9 

THE PEEIOD OF STATEHOOD— Continued. 

YEARS OF GREAT IMMIGRATION. PAGE. 

XX. Governor Harvey ^s Administration, 1869- 

1873 183 

XXI. Governor Osborn's Administration, 1873- 

. 1877 189 

XXII. Governor Anthony's Administration, 

1877-1879 198 

economic growth. 

XXIII. Governor St. John's Administration, 

1879-1883 202 

XXIV. Governor Glick's Administkation, 1883- 

1885 210 

XXV. Governor Martin's Administration, 

1885-1889 215 

political changes. 

XXVI. Governor Humphrey's Administration, 

1889-1893 224 

XXVII. Governor Lewelling's Administra- 

tion, 1893-1895 241 

XXVIII. Governor Morrill's Administration, 

1895-1897 250 

XXIX. Governor Leedy's Administration, 

1897-1899 256 

industrial development. 

XXX. Governor Stanley's Administration, 

1899-1903 265 

XXXI. Governor Bailey's Administration, 

1903-1905 275 

XXXII. Governor Hoch's Administration, 

1905-1909 281 

XXXIII. Governor Stubbs' Administration, 

1909 288 

XXXIV. Industrial Kansas 292 

XXXV. Educational Institutions 297 

XXXVI. Kansas Literature 300 

APPENDIX. 

Description of Counties 321 

Organic Act 346 

Admission Into the Union .352 

Constitution 356 

Kansas Territorial Officers, 1854-1861 383 

State Officers of Kansas, 1861-1909 384 



A HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

CHAPTER I. 

NATUEAL KANSAS. 

1. Description. — Kansas has been described by geolo- 
gists as a part of the great plain stretching from the 
Mississippi River on the east to the Rocky Mountains on 
the west. It is 408 miles long by 208 miles wide and 
should be looked upon as a block, in the plain, constitut- 
ing an essential part of it and not specially different 
from other portions lying on either side of it. The aver- 
age altitude is 2,000 feet above the sea lev^l. The altitude 
rises appro:5^imately from 750 feet on the eastern boundary 
to about 4,000 feet on the extreme western boundary. 
The lowest point in the state is in the southeastern part 
at Coffeyville in Montgomery county. It is 734 feet above 
the sea level. At the mouth of the Kansas River in 
Kansas City the elevation is 750 feet. The highest point 
in the state is in the northwestern part at Kanorado/in 
Sherman county, where the altitude is 3,906- feet. The 
general effect is that of an immense prairi^, rising west- 
ward into a very high prairie, but the appearance is not 
that of a flat and boundless plain. The waters of the 
state, which generally flow eastward, have an average 
fall for the whole state of nearly eight feet to the mile. 

11 



12 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



Although the surface is a great plain sloping eastward, 
its minute topography is often rugged and varied ; valleys 
200 feet deep, bluffs and mounds with precipitous walls 
300 feet high; overhanging rocky ledges and remnants 
of cataracts and falls in numerous streams giving a 
variety of scenery, are to be observed all over the eastern 




Scene on the Marmaton, Bourbon County, Kansas. 

part of the state, and to even a greater extent in some 
portions of the west. 

2. Story of Kansas Nature in Its Literature. — All the 
natural features of this great rectangle; all the varying 
aspects of the earth, as touched by the shaping hands 
of the seasons; all the shifting panorama of the skies; all 



NATURAL KANSAS. 13 

the myriad voices of the winds; the shine of shallow, 
wide and wandering streams; the fringing trees that 
watch the waters as they pass ; the lovely charm of each 
rocky promontory that looks out upon the sea of grass, 
all these have proved to be the inspiring and informing 
spirit of Kansas literature. 

In all that has been written in prose and verse since 
first the wide wilderness heard the cautious but advanc- 
ing feet of the pioneer, the story of Kansas nature has 
been told. Readers of books written in Kansas find im- 
pressions made on mind and heart, by sun and cloud, by 
drouth and rain, by calm and storm, and witness the 
procession of the days of the Kansas year. Days when, 
as one has written, "the broad, wintry landscape is 
flooded with that indescribable splendor that never was 
on sea or shore — a purple silken softness that half veils, 
half discloses the alien horizon, the vast curves of the 
remote river, the transient architecture of the clouds — 
and days without clouds and nights without dew, when 
the effulgent sun floods the dome with fierce and blinding 
radiance, days of glittering leaves and burnished blades 
of corn, days when the transparent air, purged of all 
earthly exhalation and alloy, seems like a pure, powerful 
lens, revealing a remoter horizon and a profounder sky." 



Review Questions. — What are the dimensions of the State of 
Kansas? — What is the average altitude? — Locate the highest and 
lowest points. — Make a relief map of the State, showing the river 
valleys, the general slope of the land and the highest and lowest 
points. — How has Kansas nature affected its literature? — Make col- 
lections of poetry and prose written in Kansas and notice the nature 
touches. 



PERIOD OF EXPLORATION. 

Quivira — Kansas. 

In that half-forgotten era. 
With the avarice of old, 
Seeking cities he was told 
Had been paved with yellow gold, 
In the Kingdom of Quivira — 

Came the restless Coronado 

To the open Kansas plain. 

With his knights from sunny Spain; 

In an effort that, though vain. 

Thrilled with boldness and bravado. 

League by league, in aimless marching, 
Knowing scarcely where or why, 
Crossed they uplands drear and dry, 
That an unprotected sky 
Had for centuries been parching. 

But their expectations eager . 

Found instead of fruitful lands. 

Shallow streams and shifting sands. 

Where the buffalo in bands 

Roamed o'er deserts dry and meager. 

Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic. 
Marched the knights with armor 'd steeds; 
Not for them the quiet deeds; 
Not for them to sow the seeds 
From which empires grow like magic. 
14 



NATUEAL KANSAS. 15 

Never land so hunger-stricken 
Could a Latin race re-mold; 
They could conquer heat or cold — 
Die for glory or for gold — 
But not make a desert quicken. 

Thus Quivira was forsaken; 
And the world forgot thie place . 
Through the lapse of time and space. 
Then the blue-eyed Saxon race 
Came and bade the desert waken. 

— Eugene Ware. 



CHAPTER II. 

SPANISH EXPLORATION. 

3. Narvaez Expedition — Gabeca de Vaca. — Cabeca de 
Vaca^ in 1536 was probably the first European to traverse 
the Western plains. He lived in Seville, Spain, where 
Narvaez was raising his forces for the colonization of 
Florida, and being a friend of the king, received the 
appointment of royal treasurer and high sheriff of the 
enterprise. The expedition started in 1527 with four 
ships and four hundred men and landed in the south- 
eastern part of North America. In the wilds of the newly 
discovered country the army became scattered and de- 
moralized. When the boats in which a remnant had 
taken refuge were wrecked off the coast of Texas, none 
escaped except Cabeca de Vaca, two other Spaniards 
and a negro. These were cast ashore on one of the islands 
of Matagorda Bay. They were taken prisoners by the 
Indians, who had never seen white or black men before 
and who regarded their captives as supernatural beings. 
For six years they were carried from tribe to tribe. 
Finally Cabeca and his party secured their freedom, and 
for three more years wandered over the plains trading 
with the Indians and exploring the country. It is thought 
by some historians that Cabeca de Vaca came upon the 
Indian trail, later called the Santa Fe, and followed it far 

1. Pronounced, ka-ba'-sa-da-va'-ka. 

16 



SPANISH EXPLORATION. 



17 



into New Mexico. In 1536, he reached the Spanish set- 
tlements on the Pacific. The importance of this expedi- 
tion to Kansas history lies in its effect. On his return 
to Spain, Cabeca painted in such glowing colors the 
richness of the country which he had visited that the 




Map of Coronado's Expedition. 



king determined to send another expedition and Coro- 
nado's expedition was organized.^ 



2. Buckingham Smith while secretary of the American Legation 
[adrid discovered the "Narrative of Cabeca de Vaca" in the archives 



at 
Madrid discovered the "Narrative of Cabeca de Vaca" in the archives of 
State, where it had Iain for nearly three hundred years, unread and forgot- 
ten. As a story of suffering, this old manuscript, yellow with age, and 
covered with the dust of the centuries, has no parallel in the history of 
exploration. 



18 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 
COEONADO'S EXPEDITION. 



4. From Compostela to the Rio Grande.— Francisco 
Vasquez de Coronado led an exploring party into Kansas 
in 1541. Indian traders from the country north of 
Mexico had brought to the capital city large amounts of 
gold and silver; Cabeca de Vaca on his return from the 




Coronado Crossing the Territory in 1541. 

Narvaez expedition had told of large and wealthy villages 
in the territory which he had traversed ; Mexico and Peru 
had yielded great treasure to Spanish adventurers. Hop- 
ing to be rewarded in like manner, Mendoza, viceroy of 
Mexico, raised an army for the exploration of the "seven 



SPANISH EXPLORATION. 19 

cities of Cibola and the unknown regions to the north," 
and placed Coronado in command. 

The army consisted of 300 mounted Spaniards, and 
1,000 friendly Indians and servants, provided with large 
supplies of arms, horses, cattle and sheep. 

In February, 1540, the expedition started from Com- 
postela. They traversed the Pacific coast through Culia- 
can to the Bio Sonora. Then striking into the interior 
near the source of that river they penetrated the moun- 
tains and came in sight of one of the seven famed cities 
of Cibola, Tiguex, a flat-roofed Pueblo village. The 
Spaniards assaulted and captured the village, securing 
much needed provisions of corn, beans, fowl and salt.^ 

The winter camp was made at Tiguex on the Rio 
Grande, in New Mexico, near the present site of Ber- 
nalillo. The winter was unusually severe ; the Rio 
Grande was frozen over so that it could be crossed on 
the ice by mounted men. The natives were unfriendly, 
food became scarce, the army discouraged, and no gold 



3. From au old book of 1670. 

"Next to Mexico is Quivira, which is feated on the moft weftern part 
of America, over againft Tartary, from whence probably the inhabitants 
firft came into this New World, that fide of the country being moft 
populous, and the people living much after the manner of the Tartars, 
following the Seafons of the Year for the Pafturage of their Cattel ; that 
fide of America being full of Herbage, and enjoying a temperate Air. 
The People defire glafs more than Gold. Their chief Riches are their 
Kine, which are Meat, Drink, Cloth, Houfes and Utensils to them : for 
their Hides yield them Houfes ; their Bones, Bodkins : their Hair, thread ; 
their Sinews, Ropes ; their Horns, Maws, and Bladders. Vessels ; their 
Dung, Fire ; their Calves, Skins, Budgets to draw and keep water in ; 
their Blood, Drink ; their Flesh, Meat, etc. 

"In Quivira there are but two Provinces that are known, Cibola and 
Nova Albion, fo Named by Sir Francis Drake, when he compaffed the 
World. It abounds with Fruits, pleafant to both ey(> and palate. The 
people are given to Hofpitality, but withall, to Wich-craft, and worfhip- 
ping of Devils." — Kansas Historical Collection. 



30 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

or silver had yet been found. Still Coronado was un- 
daunted.* 

5. From the Rio Grande to Quivira. — The Indians, 
weary of the troublesome visitors, employed strategy to 
get rid of them. A Mississippi Indian captive of the 
Pueblos, for the price of freedom told Coronado that to 
the northeast lay the cities of Quivira and that there gold 
could be found in abundance. This Indian, because he 
resembled the people of the Balkan, was called "the 
Turk." Eagerly the Spaniards accepted his story, and 
taking him as guide, left the Rio Grande and traveled 
toward the northeast to the Rio Pecos. Crossing on a 
hurriedly constructed bridge, they traveled, according to 
the record of Coronado and Jarmarillo, who was a dis- 
tinguished member of the expedition, thirty-seven days 
to the east and southeast. Here "the Turk" was accused 
of deceit by Isopete, an Indian belonging to a neighboring 
tribe of the Quiviras. Isopete declared that Quivira lay 
to the north. When it was found that their guide had 
been leading them into desert places where they would 
perish for food, "the Turk" was put in chains and later 
strangled. 

Under Isopete 's^ guidance thirty-six of the most reso- 

4. Several interesting relics supposed to have been left by Coronado's 
men, are in the Kansas Historical Collection. From a mound near 
Lindsborg Professor J. A. Udden of Bethany College unearthed a fragment 
of Spanish chain mail, believed to be a part of the armor of one of 
Coronado's men. W. E. Richey of Harveyville has given to the State a 
Spanish sword which was found in Finney County near the head waters 
of the Pawnee. It bears on its blade : 

Ne Me Snques Sin Razon ; 

Ne Me Enbaincs Sin Honor. 
Translated this reads, "Draw me not without reason ; sheath me not 
without honor." Near the hilt is the name Juan Gallego in script letters. 
Gallego was one of Coronado's most distinguished officers. 

5. Isopete is pronounced I-so-pe'-te. 



SPANISH EXPLORATION. 



21 




Chain Mail. 



lute turned northward, and came in thirty days to the 

Arkansas river, where the Santa Fe trail crosses it not far 

from the present site of Dodge City. 

This was on St. Peter's and St. 

Paul's day; so they named the river 

St. Peter and St. Paul. Following 

the river in a northeastern direction 

for eighty miles, they met a Quivira 

hunting party on the site of Great 

Bend, and going across country^ they 

came to Quivira^ itself, a group of 

Indian villages located along the 

valleys of the Smoky Hill and 

Kansas rivers. Coronado and his 

men went from village to village, 

which extended probably as far as McDowell's Creek. 

At the farthest northeastern point which they reached 

they erected a cross with this inscription, "Francisco 

Vasquez de Coronado, commander of an expedition, 

arrived at this place. "^ 

The long search was ended. Quivira was found, but 
no gold, silver or precious stones were there, and 
Coronado, ignorant of the greatness of his discovery, 
returned disheartened to Mexico, where the viceroy re- 
ceived him in silent disapproval.^ 

6. Near Lindsborg the iron part of a Spanish bridle and a bar of 
lead with a Spanish brand on it were found in the Quivira locality. 

7. The Quiviran Indians were Pawnees. 

8. The Cibola cities were found to be but pueblos in Arizona and New 
Mexico. 

Monuments have been erected in Geary, Dickinson, Riley and Wabaun- 
see Counties, to commemorate the Spanish explorations of 1841-42. 

9. While Coronado was making these long marches Desoto, another 
Spanish knight, was making the conquest of Florida. After his death and 
burial in the Mississippi River, Moscoso took command of the once splen- 
did army, now worn and suffering with the toil of conquest, and endeav- 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



6. Father Padilla.— After 
Coronado's return to Mex- 
ico Father Padilla, one of 
the faithful priests of the 
expedition, went back to 
Quivira as a missionary to 
the Indians. He was killed 
by the Quivirans because he 
had left them, and was on 
the way to spread the Chris- 
tian religion to other tribes. 
Padilla ordered the few who 
were with him to escape, and 
kneeling, met the savage at- 
tack. Friendly Indians piled 
stones above his grave, mak- 
ing a crude monument, 
Avhich still standi crowning 
the summit of a hill near 

Council Grove. Thus was Christianity brought to Kansas, 
and Father Padilla was our first martyr. ^^ 

7. Onate's Expedition. — Governor Onate of New 
]\Iexico with eighty men, marched in search of Quivira 
in 1601. He joined a war party of an Indian tribe called 
the Escansaques (Es-can'sak), who were enemies of the 

ored to lead them overland to the Spanish settlements in New Mexico. 
They came so far west that thej' saw snow-capped mountains. Their 
entire route became a trail of fire and blood for Desoto had taught the 
Indian to fear and hate the Spaniard. At last in despair they returned 
to the Mississippi River. It is thought by some students of history that 
Moscoso entered Kansas. It is the opinion of the United States Bureau 
of Ethnology that neither Moscoso nor Cabeca de Vaca ever trod Kansas 
soil. 

10. Under the Spanish, the country of which Kansas is a part was 
known as Florida. 




The Padilla Monument. 



SPANISH EESTOEATION. 23 

Quiviras, and a joint attack was made on the Quiviran 
villages. The Spaniards and their allies were successful. 
To crown the victory, the Escansaques set fire to the 
homes of the Quiviras. The governor, endeavoring to 
stop the outrages, aroused the enmity of the Indians, 
and they turned upon the Spaniards. A battle ensued in 
which a thousand Indians were killed. The Spanish loss 
was insignificant, but soon afterward Onate discontinued 
his explorations and returned to New Mexico. 

Review Questions. — Name two Spanish explorers of Kansas and 
give date of exploration. — Look up in a United States History an 
account of the Narvaez Expedition. — What was the most important 
result of Cabeca de Vaca's wanderings? — Give four causes of Coro- 
nado's Expedition. — Trace Coronado's line of march. — Locate Qui- 
vira. — What proofs have we of Coronado's being in Kansas? — Who 
was the first Christian martyr in Kansas? — What country did Onate 
explore and why did he discontinue his exploration? — What was the 
motive of Spanish exploration? 



CHAPTER III. 

FEENCH EXPLOKATIONS. 

8. Louisiana Territory. — In 1682 La Salle, "the great- 
est and most sagacious of explorers," sailed down the 
Mississippi to its mouth. On April 9th the banner of 
France was planted at the southern gateway, and La Salle 
in the name of Louis XIV, King of France, took posses- 
sion of the Mississippi and all lands which it and its 
tributaries might drain. In honor of the king this vast 
territory was named Louisiana. It extended from the 
Allegany to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Great 
Lakes to the Gulf. Kansas, except a small portion of 
the southwest corner, was included in this territory. 

9. Exploration of M. du Tisne. — The French planted 
colonies at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1699 as a 
result of La Salle's exploration. In 1719 M. de Bienville, 
Governor of Louisiana, sent out M. du Tisne, who ex- 
plored the country to the southwest, coming near the 
eastern boundary of what is now Kansas, and possibly 
crossing the southeastern corner. The Spaniards of New 
Mexico hearing of Tisne 's visit, and wishing to save the 
territory to Spain, sent out an armed caravan under 
Villazur,^ which came into the Kansas country in 1720. 

1. Villazur. with the usual Spanish desire for display, had with him 
many pieces of silverware such as silver cups. The Indians kept these for 
trinkets and showed them with great pride to the French. Villazur's 
party rested at the pueblo village of Quartelejo. The massacre occurred 
at the junction of the PJatte rivers in Lincoln county, Nebraska, 

24 



FEENCH EXPLOEATIONS. • 25 

The Spanish army while in a night camp was attacked 
by the Indians and totally destroyed. Villazur was 
killed. 

10. Exploration of M. de Bourgmont.- — In order to 
hold the territory, the French in 1723 built a fort upon 
an island in the Missouri river near the mouth of the 
Osage and named it Fort Orleans. M. de Bourgmont^ 
was put in command. He made extensive trips along the 
Kansas river and its tributaries. The first trip was made 
into the Kansas country in 1724, to establish commerce 
with the Indians and to make a treaty with the Padoucas. 
In June of that year, Bourgmont 's advance detachment 
under M. de St. Ange left Fort Orleans and went by water 
up the Missouri river to the Kansas. Later Bourgmont 
himself started overland. He was accompanied by several 
Frenchmen with a retinue of servants and a hundred 
Missouris commanded by eight war chiefs, and the great 
chief of the nation. On the way, he induced three hun- 
dred Kanza warriors with their squaws and children, 
sixty-four Osages with war chiefs, and large delegations 
of the Otoes and lowas to join his forces. 

They traveled in columns. The French commander 
and Indian chiefs in savage array led the advance, fol- 
lowed by Indians on horse and foot; mules loaded with 
French supplies, Indian dogs dragging lodge poles, and 
Indian women bearing burdens made up the rear. There 

2. M. is the abbreviation for Monsieur. 
Du Tisne is pronounced, du-tis-mi'. 

M. Du Tisne started from Kaskaskia, 111. 
Bienville is pronounced. be-Ong-vil. 

3. Bourgmont is pronounced, Boorg-mong. 



26 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

were many hardships to endure en route, and once Bourg- 
mont, stricken with fever, was obliged to return to Fort 
Orleans, but at last, in October, the villages of the 
Padoucas were reached. The Indians were arranged by 
tribes in a great circle, with M. de Bourgmont, St. Ange 
and the chief of the Padoucas in prominence. M. de 
Bourgmont addressed them ; the chiefs responded in turns 
and then they smoked the pipe of peace. The party re- 
turned to Fort Orleans in November. Cannon were fired, 
flags raised, and the Te Deum was sung in honor of the 
treaty. 

In 1725 the Indians totally destroyed Fort Orleans and 
massacred the entire garrison. The atrocity discouraged 
the French, and from 1725 until 1803 Kansas was an 
almost forgotten country. 




28 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 




Thomas Jefferson. 



11. Louisiana Purchase. — In 1763, at the close of the 
French and Indian War, France, ceded Canada and all 
her possessions east of the Mississippi River except New 
Orleans to England and all west of the Mississippi River 
with New Orleans,' to Spain. The 
term Louisiana was at this time ap- 
plied to the territory between the 
Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. 
Spain's hold on Louisiana became so 
weak, as the years passed, that for 
safety she retroceded it to France in 
1801 by secret treaty. Napoleon was 
then First Consul of France. He had 
hoped to build a magnificent empire 
in Louisiana. His plan was to send over a strong army of 
25,000 men, accompanied with a fleet to guard the coast, 
but the ever-watchful England thwarted his design. 
Napoleon knew that he must take possession of the terri- 
tory and hold it or England would become its master, and 
this of all things he did not desire ; he was pressed on 
every side by wars and political combinations ; he saw 
clearly that to divide his forces in order to undertake a 
great American enterprise would endanger his power; 
and lastly he needed money to carry on his campaigns. 

There had been trouble for some years between the 
colonists and Spanish authorities at New Orleans in re- 
gard to the commercial rights of the Lower Mississippi. 
To obviate further difficulties Jefferson, president of the 
United States, sent a request to Livingston, American 
minister to France, to open negotiations for the purchase 
of New Orleans. When Napoleon heard the message, 



TEENCH EXPLOEATIONS. 29 

he said with passionate vehemence, "Irresolution and 
deliberation are no longer in reason. It is not only New 
Orleans that I will cede, it is the w^hole of the colony with- 
out reservation." The treaty was ratified in October, 
1803,* and the Louisiana territory became the property of 
the United States.^ 

12. The United States Occupies the Territory. — The 
treaty which made Kansas United States territory was 
concluded April 30, 1803, but St. Louis, and the province 
of Upper Louisiana, remained in the hands of the Spanish 
until March 9, 1804, nearly a year afterward. On that 
day Major Amos Stoddard^ of the United States army 
appeared at St. Louis, and acting as agent of the French 
Republic, received from Don Carlos de Hault Delassus, 
the Spanish Lieutenant-Governor, the formal cession of 
the province from Spain to France. The Spanish Eegi- 
ment of Louisiana moved out ; a detachment of the First 
United States Artillery marched in; the American flag 
was raised ; and the next day. Major Stoddard began the 
rule of the L^nited States under the title of commandant. 
The value of the great acquisition to the United States 
cannot be overestimated. One million square miles of 
splendid territory, an empire in itself, was added to the 
national domain ; the navigation of the Mississippi River 

4. The treaty was negotiated by Livingston and Monroe. Barbe Mar- 
bois and Tallyrand. The province of Louisiana, consisting of over 1,000.- 
000 square miles, was purchased for $15,000,000. The interest on th'e 
amount and the satisfaction of claims made the total sum $27,267,621. 

5. While Sp.Tin held Louisiana she demanded excessive duties for the 
American commerce that passed in or out of the river. 

Because the treaty by which Louisiana was ceded to France was kept 
secret the Spanish held possession in America. 

6. Major Amos Stoddard, who was the descendant of the great divine, 
.Jonathan Edwards, and grand-uncle of Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, was 
the first American commander of the Kansas country. He was a good 
man and a brave soldier. 



30 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

was forever insured and the political power and integrity 
of our government against foreign intrusion was pre- 
served. 



Eeview Questions. — Describe the Louisiana Territory. — On what 
grounds did the French lay claim to it? — For whom was the Territory 
named? — Na,me two French explorers of Kansas; give date of explo- 
ration and territory explored. — Why did Bourgmont gather so many 
tribes and travel in such state? — Why did he consider the treaty 
significant? — Give the history of the Louisiana Purchase. — What did 
Napoleon desire to do in Louisiana? — Give four reasons for the sale 
of the Territory. — Why ' did the United States government desire to 
acquire it? — What was the total cost? — When was the treaty con- 
cluded? — Why did the Spanish have possession when Stoddard came 
to St. Louis? — Did the secret treaty have anything to do with the 
condition? — What has been the influence of the Louisiana Purchase 
on subsequent history? 



CHAPTER IV. 



AMERICAN EXPLORATION. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804. 

13. Planned by Jefferson. — With the acquisition of 
Upper Louisiana by the United States, came the spirit of 
enterprise and, exploration. In the latter direction the 
new government set the example. President Jefferson 
was full of interest and curiosity about 
the new empire of which so little was 
really known, and wrote with his own 
hand the directions governing the expe- 
dition which was to set out under Cap- 
tain William Clark, brother of General 
George Rogers Clark, the conqueror of 
Illinois, and Captain Merriwether Lewis, 
who had been the President's private ^"p*" ^^'"''' 
secretary. He selected both these guides and leaders 
from personal acquaintance ; both were Virginians, and 
from his own neighborhood. 

14. Expedition in Kansas. — The expedition reached 
the rendezvous near St. Louis early in the spring, and 
before the Spaniards were willing to acknowledge the 
Missouri as an American river. After the formal trans- 
fer the expedition, on the 10th of May, 1804, started up 
the turbid Missouri, and on June 27th reached the mouth 

31 




Clark. 



32 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

of the Kansas River, landed and made a camp within the 
present limits of Kansas City, Kansas. Proceeding up 
the stream, the voyagers iioted in the different journals 
objects on either shore which may still be recognized by 
the description. On the 4th of July, 1804, the party 
landed at or near the present site of Atchison at noon, 
and made brief observance of their country's natal day. 
They named a small stream near their 
landing place Fourth of July Creek, and 
going on up the river four miles, called 
another Kansas stream Independence 
Creek, a name which it bears to this 
day. Thus was the Fourth of July first 
celebrated in Kansas. 

15. West to the Pacific. — A few days 
later, the boats had passed beyond the ^^^*' ^^^^^^^*^^'' ^^^^^ 
limits of Kansas, and the voyagers were on their way to 
the ''land of the Dakotas," to the unknown springs of 
the Missouri, to the untrodden passes of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, to the far Columbia, and on to the sounding surges 
of the Pacific. The explorers returned after two years, 
with the loss of but a single man in all the perils of the 
waste and wild. 

PIKE'S EXPEDITION. - 

16. Purpose and Route. — In July, 1806, two years and 
two months after the Lewis and Clark expedition had 
gone up the Missouri, another expedition left Belle Fon- 
taine, a small town near St. Louis, under the command 




AMEEICAN EXPLOKATION. 33 

of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike,^ a young and 
active officer of the United States army. His instructions 
from the government were "to take back to their tribe 
on the upper waters of the Osage River some Osage In- 
dians who had been redeemed from captivity among the 
Pottawatomies ; then to push on to the Pawnee Republic 
on the upper waters of the Republican River, then to go 
south to the Arkansas, and to the Red River, interview- 
ing on the way the Comanches." 

17: Route Through Missouri. — Pike followed the Mis- 
souri to the mouth of the Osage. Turning at that pic- 
turesque stream, he traversed its banks until he came to 
the Osage villages near the present line of Kansas. There 
he met Chief White Hair. Procuring horses at the vil- 
lages, Pike mounted his party of some twenty officers and 
soldiers, and a number of Osage Indians, and started to 
execute the remainder of his mission, 

18. Entrance Into Kansas. — Lieutenant Pike entered 
Kansas in what is now Linn County. He kept on to the 
southwest, and climbing a high rise, came upon a sight 
which has delighted millions of eyes since, ''the prairie 
rising and falling in beautiful swells as far as the sight 
can extend." The party came later to a ridge, which 
Pike describes as the dividing line between the waters 
of the Osage and Arkansas. Still marching westward, 
they reached the Neosho River, and crossing it, followed 

1. When Pike was a young: follow he was with his father, who had 
command of a company at New Orleans. It became necessary to send 
some important dispatches to Cincinnati. Colonel Pike called his men 
before him and asked for volunteers for the dangerous journey. Young 
Zebulon unhesitatingly stepped forward and said, "I'll go, Father." With 
one companion, he made his way on horseback among hostile Indians up 
the Mississippi River, crossed the ice on the Ohio and delivered the dis- 
patches in safety. 




Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery Pike. 



AMEEICAN EXPLOEATION. 35 

the divide between the Neosho and the Verdigris. On 
the 17th of September, going northward, they arrived at 
the Smoky Hill River, and after two days reached the 
Saline River. 

19. The Trail of Spanish Troops. — It was about this 
time that Pike came across the trail of Spanish troops. 
The Spanish authorities in New Spain, hearing from St. 
Louis of his departure, had sent Lieutenant Malgares with 
a large party to intercept him. Malgares had gone up the 
Red River, thence north to the Arkansas, and so on to 
the Saline, but the parties had missed each other. Lieu- 
tenant Pike was destined to meet Lieutenant Malgares 
later. 

20. The Stars and Stripes Unfurled. — Pike's party 
reached Pawnee Republic on the 25th of September, 1806. 
Its principal village was located in what is now White 
Rock township. Republic County, near the present town 
of Republic City. 

The spot was made memorable. Pike had but sixteen 
white soldiers. His Osage allies he probably did not 
count for much, since he describes them as ''a faithless 
set of poltroons, incapable of a great and genei;ous 
action.". With his little force, however, he overawed 
the sullen and hostile villagers. He met in council 400 
Pawnee warriors on September 29, 1806. The Spanish flag 
was flying from a pole in front of the council lodge. 
Pike ordered it lowered and the American flag raised in 
its stead. It was done, and the "Stars and .Stripes" for 
the flrst time was given to the Kansas breeze. Regardless 
of the temper of the Indians, he remained in the neigh- 



36 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

borhood until the 9th of October, when he marched off in 
the direction of the Great Bend of the Arkansas River. 

21. The Party Divided. — When he arrived at the 
Arkansas, Pike divided his party. Two canoes were con- 
structed. One canoe was made of four buffalo hides 
and two elk skins and another was fashioned of green 
Cottonwood. In these Lieutenant Wilkinson, six soldiers 
and two Osage Indians embarked for Fort Adams, on 
the Mississippi. They were soon obliged to abandon their 
canoes and make their way on foot. Their progress was 
slow ; they suffered intensely from the cold. Finally they 
built other boats, and though greatly hindered by floating 
ice and sand bars, they managed to reach Arkansas Post 
in safety, January 9, 1807. 

Pike with the other division of the party stood at the 
parting of the ways on the low bleak shore of the Ar- 
kansas River. It was the last of October, and snow was 
falling every day. Why he did not march south to the 
Red River according to his first instructions has never 
been made clear; instead, he moved up the Arkansas, 
climbing the long slope to the Rocky Mountains. The 
country was full of wild horses ; Indians were met' fre- 
quently, and again the Spanish trail was crossed. 

22. Pike's Peak.— On November 15, 1806, Pike saw 
something else. ''At two o'clock in the afternoon," he 
writes, "I thought I could distinguish a mountain, which 
appeared like a small blue cloud; I viewed it with a spy 
glass, and was still more confirmed in my conjecture, yet 
communicated it only to Dr. Robinson, one of the com- 
pany, who was in front of me. In half an hour it ap- 
peared in full view before us. When our small party 



AMERICAN EXPLORATION. 



37 



arrived on the hill, they, with one accord, gave three 
cheers for the Mexican Mountains." 

What Pike saw at first as a ''small blue cloud" was 
the Great White Mountain of the Spaniards, the majestic 
eminence afterward named, in his honor, Pike's Peak. 
He measured the altitude of the mountain, making it 
18,581^ feet above the sea, and endeavored to reach the 
summit, but without success. Afterwards he records, "In 




Pike's Peak. 

our wanderings in the mountains it was never out of our 
sight." These wanderings entailed fearful suffering, for 
the soldiers were thinly clad, the weather was severe, and 
the wild waste was inhospitable. 

2. The actual height of Pike's Peals is 14,147 feet. 



38 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

23. Taken Prisoner.— Pike reached the west fork of 
the Rio Grande and built a stockade. Here he was cap- 
tured, as an intruder on Spanish territory, by a party 
of Spanish soldiers. His instruments and papers were 
taken from him, and he and his men were marched as 
prisoners to Santa Fe. From Santa Fe they were taken 
to Chihuahua, Mexico, then a fine city of 60,000 inhabit- 
ants. Lieutenant Malgares,^ who had searched for Pike 
in Kansas, commanded the escort. Everywhere, by sol- 
diers and people, the young American officer was treated 
more as an honored guest than a prisoner. Finally, hav- 
ing been the recipient of several valuable presents,* he 
was taken to within three days' march of the American 
frontier and liberated. He arrived at Natchitoches, 
Louisiana, July 15, 1807, nearly a year after he left St. 
Louis. 

24. Pike's Subsequent Career.— After Pike's return 
to his- own country, he continued in the army, where his 
rise" was rapid. In the War of 1812 with Great Britain, 
he served as brigadier-gerie'raP on the northern frontier. 

3. Malgares is pronounced Mal-ga-ra'. 

4. Among the presents which the Spaniards gave Pike were a quaint 
old Spanish edition of Don Quixote and a dress pattern of beautiful 
white satin. The dress pattern was given to his wife, who with his sister 
had waited in great anxiety at St. Louis for the home coming of the 
wanderer. 

This sister was a great favorite of General Pike. She was the 
mother of Mrs. Sarah Sturdevant of Larned. Mrs. Sturdevant has the 
precious scrap on which were written Jhe last words General Pike 
addressed to his wife. 

.5. Lieutenant Pike was called upon to take command of the expedi- 
tion to the north at the request of General Dearborn, whose health was 
such that he was unable to make the trip. In order that Pike should 
take the command, it was necessary that he be made a brigadier general. 
This promotion he refused to accept unless his father, Major Zebulon 
Pike, who had served long and creditably in the army, should also be 
promoted. The government acceded to his demand, and his father was 
made Colonel. — (Kansas Historical Collections.) 



AMERICAN EXPLOEATION. 



39 



On April 27, 1813, he planned and carried out an at- 
tack on York, now Toronto, Canada, and was fatally 
wounded at the moment of victory. At his request the 
flag of the captured garrison was placed beneath his head. 
As his dying glance met the folds of "Old Glory," he 
said, "Keep the flag floating," and expired. 




Erected by the State of Kansas, 

1901, 

To mark the site of the Pawnee Republic, where 

Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike 

caused the Spanish flag to be lowered 

and the flag of the United States to be raised, 

September 29, 1806. 



25. Prominent in Kansas History. — The name of 
Zebulon Montgomery Pike forms a part of the history 
of Kansas, and should be mentioned with honor, because 
he was the first intelligent American explorer of the in- 
terior of Kansas ; the first to raise the flag of the United 
States within its present borders, and the first to record 



40 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



observations of the Great Plains country of which Kansas 
is a part. The story of natural Kansas was spread abaut 
the world by his journal published in 1810.® 




Early Expeditions. 

26. Long's Expedition, 1819.— The expedition of Pike 
was followed by that of Major Stephen H. Long, who 
ascended the Missouri (in the Western Engineer) for 
the purpose of scientific research. This was the first 
steamboat on these waters. Two years were spent in 
the country by members of his party. They studied the 
topography, geology and zoology of the country and the 



6. In 1899 Elizabeth A. .Johnson of Republic county deeded to the 
State Historical Society eleven acres of land, containing the site of the 
old Pawnee village, where the American flag was first unfurled in Kansas. 
The deed provided that the society should fence and suitably mark the 
spot for historic preservation. The legislature of 1901 appropriated 
.$3,000 for this purpose. The deed was modified so as to require only that 
the visible remains of the village be enclosed. Accordingly but six acres 
of the eleven deeded the state were enclosed with an iron fence costing 
$1,150, and a Barre Vermont granite shaft twenty-six feet high was put 
up at a cost of Sl.THO. On September 29, 3 901, the monument dedicated 
to the memory of Zebulon Montgomery Pike was unveiled with appropriate 
ceremonies. 



AMEBIC AN EXPLOEATION. 



41 




life and customs of the Indians. Thomas Say, who ac- 
companied the expedition, was a distinguished scientist, 
and wrote some very valuable descriptions of natural 
Kansas. 

27. Fremont's Expeditions. — John C. Fremont made 
several trips across Kansas in his exploration of upper 
Louisiana and the Oregon country. In 
May, 1842, he came up the Missouri 
and Kansas Rivers to Chouteau's trad- 
ing post located on the Kansas River 
about six miles west of its mouth. Here 
he fitted out his expedition, and with 
the famous Kit Carson^ as his guide, he 
proceeded up the river, and camped 
near the present site of Lawrence. He 
crossed the river where Topeka now 
stands, and proceeded northwest along the Blue and 
Platte rivers to the Wind River Mountains. He returned 
by way of the Platte River to the Missouri. Fremont 
made four later expeditions. 

Eeview Questions. — Name four American expeditions in Kan- 
sas and give date of each. — By whom was the Lewis and Clark Expe- 
dition planned and what was its purpose? — Show on the map where 
Lewis and Clark journeyed through Kansas. — Where was our first 
Fourth of July celebrated? — Give the purpose of the Pike Expedi- 
tion. — Trace the Pike Expedition. — Name three incidents showing 
Lieutenant Pike's bravery and patriotism. — Who were the first sci- 
entists in Kansas? — Give Fremont's route on his first trip through 
this section. 

7. Kit Carson, whose real name was Christopher Carson, was a 
famous American hunter, trapper, Indian fighter, and scout. His adven- 
tures read like a romance. He came to be regarded throughout the coun- 
try as the typical frontiersman, resourceful in danger, an adept with the 
rifle, and skilled even beyond the Indians in woodcraft and knowl- 
edge of wild animals. See "Four American Pioneers," published by the 
American Book Company. 

The Wind River Mountains are in Colorado. 



Kit Carson. 



CHAPTER V. 

SOME FAMOUS TEAILS. 

28. The First Trail. — The faintest trail, and perhaps 
the earliest, was that made by the Indian dog dragging 
lodge poles from place to place. Then came the first 
"white man's road," the trace of the packers' loaded 
mules, burros and horses, then the wide roads made by 
the traders' trains and the army wagons. All these left 
their mark in Kansas in the years when it was not an 
undiscovered country, but lying open and void, waiting 
for the rising of the Star of Empire. 

SANTA FE TRAIL. 

29. The City of Santa Fe. — Pike in his narrative had 
described the ancient city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, the 
oldest city in the present United States. It was a city 
of perhaps 2,000 people, with its public square, its Palace 
of the Government, its Alameda, its quaint church of 
San Miguel, and its adobe houses. Spain ruled, and 
Spanish practices and costumes prevailed. An indescrib- 
able grace of foreign flavor pervaded the drowsy old 
town ; there the black-eyed Spanish beauty reigned, and 
the soft syllables of the Spanish language were heard. 
Santa Fe, however, was tributary to a vast country, and 
a great amount of business was transacted there. It was 

42 



SOME FAMOUS TEAILS. 



43 



said that $750,000 worth of goods were brought to the 
town each year. 

30. The Non-Intercourse Rule Broken. — On account 
of Pike's description, great interest was aroused, and 
many individual attempts were made to open up com- 
mercial relations between the Missouri border and Santa 
Fe. These attempts generally resulted in disaster. The 
Spanish government desired no intercourse, and repressed 
all such by demanding excessive tribute. 




Map of Some Famous Trails. 

The Mexican Revolution, which began in 1810 and, 
triumphed in 1821, making Mexico a republic, broke 
down the non-intercourse rule, and in 1824 the first 
wagon train passed over the road from Missouri to 
Santa Fe. 

31. Early History of the Trail. — There had been a 
trail to the Southwest before. Indian traditions reveal 
the story of a well marked highway, and it is thought 
that back in the days of the mound builders at least 



44 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

parts of this route were used. The fact is well estab- 
lished that it was a common road for Indian tribes for 
hundreds of years, and as we have already seen, Coronado 
follcywed it on his way to Quivira. 

Baptiste Le Grande, in 1804, was the first white man 
to make the trip with goods. Captain Bechnell in 1821 
transported successfully the first pack train, and in 1824 
came the wagon trains. On August 10, 1825, a commis- 
sion of the United States and representatives of the 
powerful Osage nations met under a great oak tree near 
the place where the Santa Fe Trail crosses the Neosho, 
and made a treaty which led to the stronger establish- 
ment and freer use of the "Trail." The place has since 
been called "Council Grove," and the oak, which still 
stands, "Council Oak." During the same year Major 
Sibley commenced the survey, and for three years was 
employed in layihg out the highway and making treaties 
with the various tribes. 

32. The Eastern Terminus. — The eastern terminus was 
at first Franklin, Missouri, on the Missouri River. Later 
the seat of trade was removed to Independence, Mis- 
souri. In time the business was divided with Westport, 
a newer town, built on or near the Kansas line. From 
the Missouri River landing of Westport has since grown 
Kansas City. 

33. Description of the Trail.— Leaving the Missouri 
line, the trail led a little south of west to Council Grove, 
and then across the country to strike the Arkansas at 
the center of the arc of the Great Bend, where one road 
continued to follow the river into what is now Colorado, 
while at Cimarron Crossing, near Fort Dodge, a shorter 



SOME FAMOUS TRAILS. 45 

road bore off to the southwest to the Cimarron Kiver 
and to New Mexico. The Santa Fe trail was the first 
broad mark made by civilization across the face of the 
prairies. It was a great road 775 miles long, 500 miles 
of which were in Kansas, a hard, smooth thoroughfare, 
from 60 to 100 feet wide. It had not a bridge in its 
whole extent, and was the best natural road of its 
length ever known in the world. In token that it had 
come to stay, the broad-faced yellow sunflower, since 
chosen by Kansas people as an emblem of their state, 
sprang up on either side where the wheels had broken 
the soil along the wild highw^ay. 

34. Points on the Trail. — A famous spot on the trail 
is the crossing of the Neosho River at Council Grove. 
The ford of this stream in the heart of the city and 
the main street are the same old highway and river cross- 
ing where thousands of feet have passed in bygone years. 
Here was the last chance to buy supplies, and here the 
whites and Indians met often in council. 

The Great Bend of the Arkansas River^ was dark and 
bloody ground; thence west every mile has witnessed 
conflicts between the Indians and the caravans of traders, 
or between different tribes of Indians. 

Pawnee Rock- was a landmark, known from one end 
of the trail to the other. It was considered one of the 
most dangerous points on the long and perilous road. 
This was a favorite battle ground of thfe tribes. Here 

1. The Santa Fe railroad bridge crosses the Pawnee Fork at the pre- 
cise spot where the old trail did. 

2. Pawnee Rock has been given to the state by the Women's Kansas 
Day Club and Benjamin P. Unruh of the town of Pawnee Rock. 



46 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 




the Indians would hide and 
stealthily attack caravan 
or overland coach as it 
attempted to cross the 
stream. 

On an island at Larned, 
according to Major Inman, 
occurred a savage battle 
between the Pawnees and 
Cheyennes, in which the 
latter were severely 
defeated. 

So on through scenes of 
trial and conflict, the old 

trail led to where once Pawnee Rock. 

stood old Fort Aubrey. It may be said that the 
five hundred miles of the Santa Fe Trail in Kansas, 
during the years that it was traversed by all classes 
of travelers, from solitary horsemen to the marching 
armies, witnessed the display of all the great human 
qualities, patience, fortitude, and the most heroic courage, 
as contrasted with the darkest treachery and the most 
cowardly ferocity. 

35. Its Effect on Kansas Development. — After the lay- 
ing out of the highway, Kansas was no longer a solitude. 
A stream of human life was, as it were, set flowing 
through the country. Trains going and coming over the 
long road were seldom out of sight of each other, or of 
the gleam of the nightly fires. Millions of dollars' worth 
of property was transported by the pack animals and 



48 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

wagon trains. An army of men was employed to drive 
and care for a host of animals. This army included, 
besides Americans, many Mexicans as teamsters and 
packers, an art in which they stood unrivaled. Thus the 
dark features and soot-black hair of the ''greaser" were 
made familiar from the Missouri to the mountains. The 
Spanish words incorporated in the English as spoken in 
Kansas at this day, date back to the days of the Santa 
Fe Trail. 

36. The Oregon Trail.— The Santa Fe Trail, while, 
perhaps, the most important, was not the only great 
highway existing in Kansas before it was recognized as 
the white man's country. The Oregon Trail was a great 
thoroughfare. It ran through Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha 
and Marshall counties and through the northeast corner 
of "Washington County, then it turned into Nebraska 
and followed the North Platte westward. By it a great 
emigration moved on to California; the Mormons used 
it extensively. Colonel Inman designated this trail as 
the "Great Salt Lake Trail," and others as the California 
Eoad. 

37. The Fayetteville Road.— In the days of the Cali- 
fornia emigration a road long visible after it ceased to 
be used was that coming from Fayetteville, Arkansas, 
northwestward, and joining the Santa Fe Trail at Turkey 
Creek, in McPherson County. 

38. Fort Riley Military Road.— A military road ran 
from Fort Riley to Leavenworth and down to Fort Scott. 
It has been said that the valleys of the Kansas River and 
of the Arkansas River were the first to be used as thor- 



SOME FAMOUS TRAILS. 49 

oughfares by civilized men in Kansas. But the great 
geographical truth was early discovered that Kansas is 
in the center of the great highway from the valleys of 
the Mississippi and Missouri to the mountains and the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Eeview Questions. — Name four famous trails or roads that 
were noted in Kansas history. — Draw a map locating them. — Describe 
the termini of the Santa Fe Trail. — How do you account for the great 
trade which passed between these towns'? — Why did the Mexican 
Revolution break down the non-intercourse rule? — Who was the first 
white man to make a trip over the Santa Fe Trail? — How far did he 
travel? — Name some noted places on the Santa Fe Trail. — What was 
its value to Kansas development? 



50 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 




Map of Kansas included in defined Indian Country. 




Kansas received an Eastern Boundary 1820 — a Platte Purchase. 



THE INDIAN COUNTRY. 

The Prairie expresses itself in bronze. In no other material does 
it care to be sculptured. 'Tis a sullen metal but heroic. 

— W. A. QUAYLE. 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE COUNTKY SET APART FOE THE INDIANS. 

39. The Eastern Boundary. — In 1820, by the organi- 
zation of, Missouri as a State of the Union, Kansas, which 
was before without form as part of Louisiana, received 
an eastern boundary. The west line of Missouri, as first 
established, followed a meridian line north and south, 
drawn through the mouth of the Kansas River at Kansas 
City, to the Iowa line. This line was really a line between 
white settlement and Indian occupation. The portion 
of Indian ground between the Missouri line and the Mis- 
souri River was ceded by the lowas and Sacs and Foxes 
in 1836, and became a part of the State of Missouri 
under the name of the Platte Purchase. The Missouri 
River then became the boundary, but Kansas remained 
Indian ground. 

40. Limitation of Settlement Theory. — It seems to 
have been considered that the Missouri River was the 
limit of possible white settlement. Pike had written of 
Kansas in his journal in 1806, "From these immense 
prairies may arise one great advantage to the United 

51 



52 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



States, viz. : the restriction of our population to certain 
limits, and thereby a continuation of the Union. Our 
citizens being so prone to rambling and extending them- 
selves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be con- 
strained to limit their extent on the West to the borders 
of the Missouri and Mississippi, while they leave the 
prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the wandering abo- 
rigines of the country." 

In the days between 1830 and 1854 the principal figures 
in Kansas were Indians, the regular army officer, the 
Indian trader, and the missionary. 

41. Indian Country. — What is now Kansas was in- 
cluded in the "Indian Country" by act of Congress, 

May 26, 1830. The fol- 

lowing metes and bounds 
formed its boundaries : 
"Beginning on the Red 
River east of the Mexican 
boundary, and as far 
west as the country is 
habitable, thence down 
the Red River eastward 
to Arkansas territory, 
thence northward along 
the line of Arkansas Ter- 
ritory to the State of Mis- 
souri; thence north along ^"^^^^ ^'''' '''^^''' ^^^'' 
its westwardly line to the Missouri River, thence up the 
Missouri River to the Puncah^ (or Ponca) River, thence 

1. The Ponca River empties into the Missouri near the northern 
boundary of Nebraska. 




COUNTEY SET APART FOR INDIANS. 53 

westward as far as the country is habitable, thence south- 
ward to place of beginning." This gave a country 600 
miles north and south and 200 miles east and west. The 
country was not considered habitable more than 200 miles 
west of the Missouri line, on account of absence of 
timber. 

Review Questions. — How did Kansas receive an eastern boun- 
dary? — What was the Platte purchase? — How did Pike value the 
plains of Kansas? — Describe the Indian country of 1830. 



CHAPTER VII. 



INDIAN TRIBES AND CUSTOMS. 

42. The Indians.— The oldest authorities represent this 
country, now called Kansas, as occupied principally by 
four great tribes of Indians, the Kanzas,- the Osages, the 
Pawnees and the Comanches. or Padoucas. These tribes 
seem to have claimed this country 
among them and to have extended 
widely beyond its present limits. 
They belonged principally to the 
barbarous tribes. Different tribes, 
however, showed different degrees of 
advancement. 

43. Traits of the Four Tribes.— 
The Kanza, Osage and Pawnee In- 
dians lived in villages. Their lodges 
were stationary, circular, and cov- 
ered with poles and earth. In the Typical Indian, 
center of the roof a hole allowed the escape of smoke 

1. In Scott County pueblo ruins have been discovered which are be- 
lieved to be the remnant of the old Apache village Cuartelejo, mentioned 
in the Spanish reports. During the period of Spanish control the Indians 
were persecuted with such cruelty for witchcraft that a band of Apaches 
ran away and settled at Cuartelejo. They were afterward taken back by 
the Spaniards. Eight rooms have been unearthed. They were plastered, 
contained pottery, corn, and implements of the domestic life, war and 
the hunt. 

2. The Kanza Indians claimed northeastern Kansas, the Pawnees 
northern Kansas, the Padoucas northwestern, and the Osages southern 
Kansas. The Pawnees were Quiviras. The Kansas or Kaws were the 
Escansaques, thejiame developing from Esc-in'sa to Canza or Kanza. It 
is said to mean "people who came from the place of the south wind." 

54 




INDIAN TEIBES AND CUSTOMS. 



55 



from the fire-place below. Around the room, mats 
of reed, artistic in workmanship, were sometimes sus- 
pended. Beds, elevated from the ground and covered 
with buffalo skins for bedding, were arranged beside 




War Dance in the Interjor of a Kanza Lodge. 

the walls. These Indians were large and muscular, with 
the usual Indian characteristics of color and facial 



A note from Isaac McCoy's Journal : "Different persons have at vari- 
ous times written the name (Kanza) of this tribe differently, as suited 
the fancy of each. We have chosen to adhere to the pronunciation of 
the natives themselves, which is Kau-zau. We have been the more in- 
clined to do this from the supposition that its near resemblance to the 
name of the southern- tribe supposed to be exterminated, from which 
Arkansas River derived its name, the proper pronunciation of which is 
Ah-kau-zau, might lead to a development of facts relative to the origin 
of these people, which would be of benefit to the future historian." 



56 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

markings. They dressed in skins of animals and dec- 
orated themselves with paint, beads, and feathers. 

The men spent their time fishing and hunting, or fight- 
ing, when on the war path. The women cared for the 
lodges and cultivated the ground, raising corn, pumpkins, 
and melons. They dressed and served the meat which 
the men brought from the hunt, and carried the wood 
and water. The hereditary chief was the principal man 
of the clan; there were several subordinate chiets, all 
of whom held their positions by virtue of their bravery 
in battle. The clans were united into tribes, whose chiefs 
met in council for tribal affairs. The Comanches were 
a branch of the Shoshoni, a group of cognate tribes, hold- 
ing the central Kockies. They were the only prairie 
tribe of the group, were nomadic after their migration 
into Kansas, and resembled the savage tribes in their 
leading characteristics. 

44. Other Tribes. — Other tribes in Kansas classed with 
the savage Indians. They had no permanent abiding 
place, but moved from one hunting ground to another, 
their belongings dragged on lodge poles harnessed to 
Indians dogs.^ The rude tent-like skin wigwam was the 
only protection of the child of the prairie from sun and 
storm. 

45. Religion of the Indians. — The religion of the In- 
dians was a nature worship of sun, wind, lightning, 
etcetera. The medicine man was the prophet and priest 
of the tribe. Among the Shawnee Indians there was a 

3. The Indians began to use the horse as early as 1724. 



INDIAN TKIBES AND CUSTOMS. 



57 



tradition of the creation agreeing essentially with the 
account in Genesis. 

46. The Removal Policy. — As early as 1824 the United 
States government had entered upon a policy of remov- 
ing the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, to a country 
which should be their own, and in the Act of 1830 the 
Indians were assured in almost affectionate language 
that the lands they were given in exchange for those 




Barbarous Indians. Letter Writing. 



they were already occupying should be theirs forever, 
and that the United States would give them patents if 
they so desired. 

Accordingly, the Kansas and Osage Indians were re- 
stricted to smaller hunting grounds, in order to make 



58 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



room for the Eastern Indians. The Shawnees, the Dela- 
wares, the Sacs and Foxes, the lowas and the Kickapoos 
were brought from Missouri ; the Ottawas and the Wyan- 
dottes from Ohio ; the Pottawatomies from Michigan, 
and the Miamis from the Wabash Valley. Some tribes 
of the Kanzas were driven westward to the Blue River. 
The Cherokees were granted lands in Kansas, but never 
occupied them in force. Several small tribes, the Weas, 
the Piankeshaws, the Muncies, the Peorias, the Kaskas- 
kias, and the Chippewas were also granted lands. The 
Indians were forced to move. 




Map of Indian Reservations. 



Review Questions. — Name the four great tribes of Indians 
which occupied Kansas territory in 1830. — Give their leading charac- 
teristics. — What was the religion of the Indians'? — What was the 
removal policy and how was it carried out? 



CHAPTER VIII. 



MISSIONS, TRADING POSTS AND FOETS. 

Missions. 

47. Grand Village. — Near Independence Creek, in 
Atchison County, there once stood a large Kanza Indian 
village known to the French as Grand Village des Cansez. 
Jesuits of the La Salle-Marquette type established a sta- 
tion at Grand Village as early as 1727. 

48. Osage Missions. — The Presbyterians established 
the first Protestant mission in Kansas for the Osage 
Indians at Neosho and at Boudinot, 
on the Neosho River, in 1824. Rev. 
Benton Pixley was the founder, and 
with others labored most earnestly 
and devotedly there for the benefit of 
the Indians and the development of 
their children. 

The first Catholic baptism of Kan- 
sas Indians was administered by 
Father Charles La Croix, who came Father John schoenmakers. 
to the Osages in Missouri in 1820, where the Presbyte- 
rians had already established their Harmony Mission.^ 
He was given by them a room for a chapel, and baptized 
several Osage children. In 1847 the Rev. John Schoen- 
maker came to the Osages, with several other mission- 

1. Harmony Mission was in what is now Missouri just over the line 
from Fort Scott. 

59 




60 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 




aries and Sisters of Loretto, and began what proved for 
him a lifetime labor for the spiritual and temporal benefit 
of the Osages.^ However little the Indian may have 
cared, the labor in his behalf was incessant. 

49. The Shawnee Missions.^— In 1830 the Rev. Thomas 

Johnson came as missionary to the Shawnees. A few 

years later the Shawnee Manual Labor 

School was established. Here the Indian 

girls were taught to sew, cook, spin, and 

weave, and the Indian boys practiced 

farming, carpentering, shoemaking, and 

brick laying, while the English language 

and the studies of the American schools 

received their share of attention. 

The Shawnees attracted the good of-^^^- '^^^^^^ Johnson. 

fices of the Friends as long ago as the date of their treaty 

with William Penn. Among the religious teachers of 
these people, Henry Harvey was hon- 
orably distinguished in both Ohio and 
Kansas. The Friends established a 
large mission among the Shawnees in 
what is now Johnson County. 

50. Ottawa Mission. — On the mis- 
sionary roll of honor no name is to be 
written above that of Isaac McCoy. He 
was the effective advocate of the Act 
Isaac McCoy. of ig3o for the rcmoval of the Indians 

2. The site of the Catholic Mission became the town of Osage Mis- 
sion and for a time the county seat of Neosho county. The name of the 
place was afterward changed to St. Paul. 

3. Shawnee Mission became noted in territorial chronicles as the 
meeting place of the first Territorial Legislature. 




MISSIONS, TRADING POSTS AND FORTS. 



61 




to the West, and preceded the Indians to Kansas, explor- 
ing and surveying their reservations. He was known and 
beloved by all the tribes. Eev. McCoy 
firmly believed in the possibility of the 
elevation of the Indian, and worked to 
that end until the close of his life. His 
work at Ottawa Baptist Mission was in 
association with Jotham Meeker. 

There is in the annals of Kansas no 
story of greater devotion than that of 
Rev. Meeker and his wife. Mr. Meeker,^^^''''- Christina Mccoy. 
called by the Indians, ''He that speaks good words," 
came to the Shawnees, in the Indian country, 1833, and 
later went to the Ottawas. He was a 
practical printer, and brought to Kansas 
the first printing press and type. He 
printed the first book in Kansas, and pub- 
lished an Indian newspaper and many 
, books in the Ottawa language. Mr. 
Meeker, largely assisted by one of his 
converts, Mr. J. T. "Tawa" Jones, estab- 
Rev. Jotham Meeker. Hghed a church, a school, and a fine farm. 
After years of patient labor, Jotham Meeker died in 1854, 
and was followed in two years by his wife. Both rest 
where they fell in the cause of religion and civilisation.* 




4. The State Historical Library has thirty-eight volumes of manu- 
script containing the correspondence, journals, diaries, etc., of the Rev. 
Isaac McCoy. They cover the period from 1809 to 1849. 

The graves of the Rev. Jotham Meeker and his wife are in an old for- 
saken cemetery near Ottawa, Franklin county. Some day the citizens 
of the state may honor themselves by hunting out and suitably marking 
this last resting place of these brave pioneers. 

The diary of Rev. Meeker in the State Historical Library contains an 
account of the great flood of 1844. Had this diary been read and be- 
lieved by the people of the river valleys, fewer lives would have been lost 



62 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



51. The Iowa Mission. — Rev. Samuel Irwin began a 
Presbyterian mission among the lowas in 1837. He 
erected several buildings and wrote a grammar of the 
Iowa language. A daughter of Missionary Irwin is be- 




Baptist Mission, established in 1831. Here Meeker's printing press was first 
set up in 1833. 

lieved to have been the first white girl born in Kansas. 
52. St. Mary's Mission.— In 1847 the Catholic mis- 
sionaries established their principal headquarters at St. 
Mary's,^ on the Kansas River, and thence missionary 
priests visited the different tribes while they remained. 

and much property might have been saved from destruction in the great 
flood of 1903. ' 

The Indians have a tradition that the Kansas River extended from 
bluff to bluff in a great flood before the white man came. An old Indian 
observing the city of Topeka in construction, grunted, "White man heap 
big fool." 

5. The building here pictured was erected at St. Mary's by the 
Catholic church people. It was not, however, the first Catholic church 



MISSIONS, T-RADING POSTS AND FORTS. 



63 



SBlECrM4»J^: 



,iit^-£k?rm-AGR. 



53. The Work of the Missionaries. — Several other mis- 
sions of less significance than the ones described were 

established. The mission- 
aries were heroic pioneers 
of Kansas. They invented 
phonetic alphabets ; they 
created written 1 a n - 
guages, wrote dictionaries 
and song books, and gave 
the Indian the Bible and 
the Christian religion. 
They went into the rude 
lodges and wigwams and 
cared for the sick and the 
dying. They suffered 
from poverty and often 
from savage cruelty; they 
A Meeker Title Page. sacrificed h m e and 

friends, and many died alone on the prairie that the 
Indians might know the better way and the higher life. 





First Cathedral of Kansas. 



that was built on Pottawatomie creek, probably in what is now Anderson 
county. It became a widely known place, and many people passed and 
repassed the spot or were given shelter under the hospitable roof. 



64 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



'' Little to him whose feet unshod 
The thorny path of the desert trod, 
Careless of pain, so it led to God." 




54. Trading Posts. — Numerous 
trading posts were established dur- 
ing the Indian Period. Trappers, 
hunters, traders, and Indians gath- 
ered there and bartered their goods, 
the white man often exchanging 
whiskey, tobacco, and trinkets for 
the most valuable furs and skins. 
At one post alone the trade amount- 
ed to $300,000 annually. The most 

noted of these places were West- ^ol. Henry Leavenworth. 

port a great outfitting station, the Chouteau trading posts 
on the Kansas River and in the present Linn County, 

and Bent's Fort, to the far 
West. 

55. Forts Established. — In 
consequence of the presence of 
the Indians, Fort Leavenworth 
was established, in 1827, by a 
detachment of the Third 
United States Infantry, and 
was named in honor of Colonel 
Henry Leavenworth, of that 
Fort Scott was lo- 
cated in 1842. Fort Riley, the third important post in 
Kansas, was not established till 1853. It was named for 
General Bennett Riley, who guarded the Santa Fe Trail 
and fought in Mexico. 




Baptist Indian Mission, Shawnee' 

County. Erected in 1848. rCffimCUt 



MISSIONS, TEADING POSTS AND FORTS. 



65 




37 ParalUl 

Map of Kansas Territory. 



Eeview Questions. — Name the great missions of Kansas. — Who 
were the most noted missionaries? — What were the methods of their 
service for the uplift of the Indian? — What do you think of their 
devotion to duty and their self-sacrifice? — Quote Whittier's lines in 
commemoration, — Locate four trading posts and tell of their activi- 
ties. — What forts were established because of the presence of the 
Indians? 



TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 

'God give us men. A time like this demands 

Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready hands; 

Men whom the lust of office cannot kill; 

Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; 

Men who possess opinion and a will. 

Men who have honor — men who will not lie; 

********* 

Tall men — suncrowned, who live above the fog 
In public duty and in private thinking. ' '• 

— J. G. Holland, 



REVIEW OF THE SITUATION. 
CHAPTER IX. 

THE OEGANIC ACT— THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL. 

56. The Missouri Compromise. — Slavery troubles in 
the United States began with the adoption of the Con- 
stitution, but the territory of the Louisiana Purchase was 
not seriously affected until the passage by Congress of 
the Missouri Compromise^ in 1820. This measure pro- 
vided that Missouri should be admitted as a slave state, 
and that in all remaining territory west of the Mississippi 
River and north of 36° 30' (the southern boundary of 
Missouri) slavery should be forever prohibited. 

57. Result of the Missouri Compromise. — The Missouri 
Compromise was a great surprise to the people who 
opposed slavery, for they had hoped, after the admission 
of Louisiana as a slave state, that the remainder of 
Louisiana territory would be free. To even things up, 
Maine was admitted as a free state, making twelve free 
and twelve slave states in the Union. Congress ha^d 
adopted, the plan of admitting first a free and then a 
slave state so as to preserve a balance of power in that 
body. This geographical subterfuge was not, to say the 
least, an ideal way to settle a question of great moral 
consideration. ''For the present," said John Quincy 

1. In 1836 the Missouri Compromise was violated by an act of Con- 
gress in the Platte Purehase. which extenrled the boundary of Missouri 
in the northwestern part, to the Missouri River, admitting thereby slaves 
into a free country. 

67 



68 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Adams, "the contest is laid asleep." The phrase 'laid 
asleep ' was wisely chosen, for the terrible question gained 
new strength through repose ; when it awoke, many years 
later, it showed itself, as Jefferson predicted it would, 
more irrepressible and more formidable than ever. 

58. Growth of the Slave Power. — As the years went 
on, many anti-slavery societies were formed, in the South, 
at first, as well as in the North. Henry Clay declared 
that "slavery was the deepest stain upon the character 
of our country." John Quincy Adams thundered philip- 
pics against it ; Wendell Phillips ' oratory moved the 
masses ; Emerson, Lowell, and Whittier wrote in heroic 
lines the call to duty; abolitionists of the North spoke 
and wrote in execration ; Garrison was mobbed and Love- 
joy murdered; still the slave forces grew in strength. 
Texas was admitted in order to augment its power; the 
Comp*romise of 1850 was its victory, and, as if nothing 
could hinder its progress, the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was 
proposed. - 

59. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — This bill was introduced 
by Stephen A. Douglas,^ of Illinois, for the avowed pur- 
pose of taking the slavery question out of Congress and 
putting it in the hands of the people. The Nebraska 
country was the country west of Missouri, Iowa, and 

2. The Compromise of 1850 provided that California should be ad- 
mitted to the Union as a free state, that the territories of Utah and New 
Mexico should be formed without any provision concerning slavery, that 
slavery should be prohibited in the District of Columbia, that Texas 
should be paid $10,000,000 to give up her claim on New Mexico and that 
a fugitive slave law should be enacted providing for the return of run- 
away slaves to their masters. 

California in her constitution had provided for freedom before applying 
for admission. By the Compromise, Utah and New Mexico were made 
possible for slavery and the fugitive slave law made the North a hunting 
ground for runaway slaves. 

.3. The Douglas idea was called "squatter sovereignty." The squat- 
ters were to be supreme authority on the great question. 



THE ORGANIC ACT. 69 

Minnesota territories. It was north of the Missouri 
Compromise line of 36° 30', and slavery had been for- 
ever excluded irom its boundaries by that compromise. 
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill provided that the people of 
the territory should decide whether it should be free or 
slave. The bill annulled the Missouri Compromise ; it 
seemed to those opposed to slavery that it threw down 
all bars, and the threat of a Southern planter that he 
would yet call the roll of his slaves on Bunker Hill would 
soon be carried out.* 

60. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress. — No bill 
ever introduced in Congress provoked such excited de- 
bate. Wade raised his voice against ''giving slavery a 
chance to enter a territory as large as all the free states, 
pure as water and beautiful as the garden of God." 
Sumner protested vehemently against ''removing the 
landmarks of freedom." "We are on the eve of a great 
national transaction," said Seward, in the last hours of 
the discussion, "a transaction that will close a cycle in 
the history of our country." 

The debate lasted nearly five months. The bill passed 
the Senate at four o'clock on the morning of March 4, 
by a vote of thirty-seven to fourteen, and the House at 
midnight of May 22, by a vote of 113 to 100. It was 
signed by President Franklin Pierce, May 30, 1854. 

61. The Reception of the Bill.— The triumph of the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill was received throughout the North 

4. Charles Sumner, Salmon P. Chase, and William H. Seward were 
leaders against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. There were, from 1852. occa- 
sional feehle attempts to indtice action for a territorial organization at 
Washington, and, in 18.58, Abelard Guthrie was nominated as delegate 
in Congress by a convention at Wyandotte, while Rev. Thomas Johnson 
was put in nomination at the Kickapoo village. The latter was elected 
and went to Washington, but was not received. 



70 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

with demonstrations of grief and anger. A great num- 
ber of American citizens, with the experiences of the 
Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Fugitive Slave Law, 
and the Compromise of 1850, and with the Dred Scott 
Case then pending in the courts, did not believe that 
the bill meant an honest submission of the question 
of slavery to the bona fide settlers of Kansas, or meant 
anything except a determined purpose to force slavery 
upon Kansas, and upon every territory in the United 
States. Douglas was condemned all through the North. 
He said, "I could travel from Boston to Chicago by the 
light of my own effigies." 

62. Results of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The conse- 
quences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill were momentous. 
It opened the territories of Kansas and Nebraska as a 
battleground between the forces of freedom and slavery; 
it gave the finishing blow to the Whig Party; it made 
the Democratic Party for many years sectional rather 
than national ; and it united the forces which formed the 
Republican Party. We shall see its results in Kansas. 

Eeview Questions. — Name the historical events which reveal the 
growth of the slave power in the Nation from the adoption of the 
Constitution to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. — What was 
the Missouri Compromise and in what two ways did it affect the ter- 
ritory that later came to be known as Kansas? — See map, page 65 and 
page 67. — Give the year of its enactment. — What was the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill? — State its purpose. — What was th,e effect of its intro- 
duction in Congress? — How was it received by the country at large? — 
Find anti-slavery poems in the writings of Whittier, Lowell, Long- 
fellow and others that were inspired by the ''Crime Against Kansas." 
— How are Wendell Philips, Charles Sumner and Abraham Lincoln 
connected with Kansas history at this time? — Give four results of the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 



CHAPTER X. 

KANSAS TEREITOEY. 

63. The Name Kansas. — The Kansas-Nebraska Act 
defined the boundaries of the new territory and gave to 
it the name Kansas. The spelling and definition of the 
word have been the cause of much discussion. Professor 
Dunbar, formerly of Kansas, a most accomplished Indian 
linguist, states that the name of the Kansas River is 
derived from the Kansas Indian word Kanza, meaning 
'^ swift." 

64. Kansas Boundary. — The following are the limits 
of the territory as given in the act : Beginning at a point 
on the western boundary of Missouri, where the 87th 
parallel of north latitude crosses the same ; thence west 
on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New Mexico ; 
thence north on boundary to latitude 38; thence follow- 
ing said boundary westward to the east boundary of the 
Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Moun- 
tains ; thence northward on said summit to the 40th paral- 
lel of latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western 
boundary of the State of Missouri ; thence south with the 
western boundary of said state to the place of beginning. 

The south line was not made to conform with the line of 
the Missouri Compromise, 36° 30', but was fixed at the 
37th parallel, the boundary between the reservations of 

71 



72 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

the Cherokees and the Osages. The area is 126,283 square 
miles. 

65. The Population. — At the organizatit)n of the ter- 
ritory, the white population of Kansas consisting of six 
or seven hundred citizens, was concentrated about the 
forts, trading posts, missions, and reservations from the 
Missouri River to Council Grove. The largest number 
were located in and around Uniontown in what is now 
Shawnee County. The population was small, scattered, 
and uninterested in public affairs. 

66. Across the Border. — Missouri, on account of her own 
institution of slavery, was interested in Kansas. Western 
Missouri contained 50,000 slaves, and abolition in Kansas 
meant danger to property and social forms there. In 
fact, it was stated in a representative pro-slavery con- 
vention in Lexington, in July, 1855, "that the endorse- 
ment of restriction in the settlement of Kansas was vir- 
tually the abolition of slavery in Missouri." David R. 
Atchison, United States Senator from Missouri, was the 
leader of the pro-slavery element, and B. F. Stringfellow 
was a close subordinate. He urged that Kansas be flooded 
with slaves, and that when they were found profitable 
they would be retained. 

67. Missourians in Kansas. — President Pierce had 
barely signed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill before large num- 
bers of Missourians rushed across the line and seized the 
best lands. Settlers were required to live on their claims 
a stated length of time and build houses preparatory to 
making homes, but the Missourians, not even waiting for 
the Indians to get out of the way, staked out claims, 
sometimes merely notching trees or crossing a few logs 



KANSAS TEKRITOKY. 73 

to represent a cabin, and then went back to Missouri, 
"They were men who proposed to reside in Missouri, 
but vote and fight in Kansas. Jubilant and defiant, they 
threatened with death any abolitionist who would dare 
to settle in the territory." 

68. New England Emigrant Aid Society. — On the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill the Anti-slavery people 
were thoroughly discouraged. Theodore Parker said, "In 
the steady triumph of despotism, ten years more like the 
ten years past and it will be all over with the liberties of 
America." And Garrison wrote, "Will Kansas be a free 
state? We answer, No! Not while the existing Union 
stands. Its fate is settled." But there was one man who 
dwelt in the "valley of vision"; he believed that what 
was planned for evil could be turned to good; that the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill might yet serve freedom's cause. 
Eli Thayer,^ of Boston, member of the Massachusetts 
legislature, advocated with great enthusiasm the idea of 
free state emigration to Kansas. His efforts interested 
some prominent men of Massachusetts, and as a result 
the New England Emigrant Aid Society^ was formed, 
with J. C. Brown as president. Mr. Thayer traveled 
60,000 miles and gave a great many lectures in the inter- 
est of organized emigration, and Amos A. Lawrence, a 
wealthy financier, contributed large amounts from his 
private fortune to further the enterprise. Dr. Charles 
Robinson, who had been a factor in California's admission 
as a free state, was made local agent. 

1. Mt. Oread of Lawrence University was named after the Mt. Oread 
school in Worcester, of which Mr. Thayer was founder. 

2. The Emigrant Aid Society offered, fifty dolhirs for the best poem 
on the subject of Emigration. The prize was won by Lucy Larcom, then 
a teacher in Wheaton Seminary, at Norton, Massachusetts, on the poem, 
"The Call to Kansas." 



74 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

69. The Purpose of the Society. — The aim of the or- 
ganization was to induce first-class emigrants to go to 
Kansas, to protect them from the hardships of pioneer 
settlement, to select territory under experienced leaders, 
to invest capital, and provide hotels, saw mills, grist 
mills, newspapers,^ schools, and other improvements. 
Anyone, whether in sympathy with the organization or 
not, was at liberty to take advantage of its benefits. 
Expenses were not paid. 

The colonists sent by the company in 1854 numbered 
seven hundred and fifty-one. About $140,000 was spent 
by the association for its work in Kansas. 

70. Other Organizations. — Other anti-slavery organi- 
zations were ''The Emigrant Aid Society of New York 
and Connecticut," and the Union Emigration Society of 
Washington. The border counties of Missouri, also active, 
rang with the note of the preparation of pro-slavery and 
''Defensive Associations," "Squatter Associations," 
"Blue Lodges," and other secret and open societies were 
formed. The issue was joined. In the ears of those who 
marched to Kansas from the conquering North, sounded 
a watchword which has always rung in men's ears like 
the note of a trumpet, or breathed as the voice of a siren ; 
it was — "Freedom."* 

3. A powerful literary agency enlisted for the winning of Kansas was 
the New York Tribune, edited by Horace Greeley. 

4. There were many claim disputes, the most serious being at Law- 
rence ; for as Lawrence was the only Free State town then well estab- 
lished, the opponents were anxious to get it out of the way. The town 
site of Lawrence was purchased for $500 of a Mr. Stearns. Soon, how- 
ever, another claimant, John Baldwin, appeared, and demanded that a 
tent belonging to a Lawrence settler be removed. His demand was re- 
fused. Baldwin secured the assistance of attorneys and laid out a plot 
for a town, but this did not avail, for the Lawrence settlers quietly held 



KANSAS TEEEITOEY. 



75 



71. Towns Founded. — President Pierce signed the 
Kansas-Nebraska Act, May 30. On the 13th of June the 
Leavenworth Town Company was organized at Weston, 
Missouri. In the same month the first newspaper in Kan- 
sas the ''Leavenworth Herald," was printed under a tree 




Lawrence, Kan., 1855. 



on the town site. The Atchison town company was 
formed in Missouri, July 27. Leavenworth, Atchison, and 
Lecompton were founded by pro-slavery people from Mis- 
souri. 

The free state emigrants founded Lawrence and To- 

their own. Finally the Missourians, resorting to forceful measnre.s, 
assembled about eighteen men in arms, and sent this notice to Dr. Robin- 
son : "If yoii do not remove that tent in thirty minutes we will." Dr. 
Robinson sent back the laconic reply, "If you molest our property, you do 
it at your peril." About thirty of the Lawrence men came together with 



76 HIST OK Y OF KANSAS. 

peka,^ and later Osawatomie, Manhattan, and Wabaunsee. 
On the first day of August, 1854, the pioneer party from 
New England, under Mr. C. H. Branscomb, reached Law- 
rence. Two weeks afterward they were followed by a 
larger party under the leadership of Dr. Charles Eobin- 
son and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The town was named 
Lawrence in honor of the treasurer of the society. At 
first Lawrence was merely a collection of tents. These 
were superseded by queer grass-thatched huts and rude 
mud-plastered log cabins.® In these crude homes dwelt 
some rare New England men and women, imbued with 
the spirit of their forefathers who had come to America 
that they might worship God in their own way, according 
to the dictates of their own conscience. 

Dr. Robinson as captain to guard the tent. He proposed to arbitrate, but 
the opposing party refused, and declared that if the Lawrence people did 
not surrender in one-half hour, a force of .3,000 if not 30,000 Missourians 
would be raised and "would sweep them off the face of the earth." The 
half hour passed and a quarter, still there was no attack. When Dr. 
Robinson was asked, "What shall we do if the Missourians attempt to 
remove the tent; shall we fire to hit or fire over their heads?" "Well," 
said Dr. Robinson, "I should be ashamed to fire at a man and not hit 
him." A spy overheard the remark and reported to the Missoi;rians. They 
withdrew very soon. 

r). Topeka was founded December 5, 1854. 

0. A note from Mrs. Robinson's Diary : "We attended church. How 
strange everything appeared. The hall where the meetings are held 
is a two-story wooden building. It is simply boarded with Cottonwood 
and that, to a person in th(2 country is explanation sufficient of its whole 
appearance ; for the sun here soon curls the boards, and every one shrinks 
from every other, leaving large cracks between. For a desk to support 
the gilded morocco-covered Bible, sent by the Plymouth church, a rough 
box turned endwise and standing near one end of the hall was used. The 
singers were seated upon one side of the preacher, while upon the other 
side also fronting the desk were other seats — rough boards used until the 
settees are finished. All this seems rough and uncouth, and at the first 
moment we felt that two thousand miles lay between us and the pleasant 
sanctuary of our fathers. But when we look on the pleasant faces 
around us, and the services commenced with the singing of hymns learned 
long ago, and we heard tn the persuasive, winning tones of the preacher 
the same heavenly truths which will render one's life here as holy as 
elsewhere, we felt that N^w England was in our midst. We realized 
more fully the truth which has been pervading our thoughts for many 
days that "a man's life consisteth not in the abundance of the things 
which he possesseth." 



KANSAS TEKKITORY. 77 

The Song of the Kansas Iknigrant. 

Printed in the ''Herald of Freedom," at Lawrence, Oct. 21, 1854. 

We cross the prairies as of old 

The Pilgrims crossed the sea, 
To make the West as they the East 

The homestead of the free. 

Chorus : 

The homestead of the free, my boys. 
The homestead of the free. 
To make the West as they the East 
The homestead of the free. 

We go to rear a wall of men 

On Freedom's southern line 
And plant beside the cotton tree 

The rugged northern pine. 

We're flowing from our native hills, 

As our free rivers flow; 
The blessings of our mother-land 

Is on us as we go. 

We go to plant her common schools 

On distant prairie swells, 
And give the Sabbaths of the wild 

The music of her bells. 

Upbearing like the ark of old, 

The Bible in her van 
We go to test the truth of God 

Against the fraud of man. 

No pause, nor rest, save where the streams 

That feed the Kansas run, 
Save where our pilgrim gonfalon 

Shall flout the setting sun. 

7. The Herald of Freedom, edited by G. W. Brown, was the first Free 
State paper published. The first number was issued in .January, 1855. 

In 1855 there were at least thirty-five slaves in Doniphan county. 
Cary B. Whitehead traded his farm in that county for a number of 
slaves, which he afterward took to Missouri. The first issue of the White 
Cloud "Chief." Hon. Sol. Miller's paper, was printed on a press operated by 
a slave whom Mr. Miller hired from his owner for that purpose. — C. E. 
Cory, 7th Vol., Historical Report. 



78 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

"We'll tread the prairies as of old 

Our fathers sailed the sea; 
And make the West as they the East 

The homestead of the free. 

John G. Whittier. 
(Sung to the tune of '^Aulcl Lang Syne.") 



Eeview Questions. — What is the derivation of the name Kansas? 
— What is the boundary of Kansas according to the Organic Act? — 
What is the title of this act? — Describe the population of Kansas at 
the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Describe con- 
ditions in Missouri and the people across the ' ' border. ' ' — What was 
their immediate action when the Kansas-Nebraska Bill became a law? 
— Who conceived the idea of the New England Emigrant Aid Society? 
— What was the purpose and organization of the society? — Name 
other slavery and anti-slavery organizations. — Name three free state 
and three pro-slavery towns that were founded in 1854- '55. — Memo- 
rize the ''Song of the Kansas Emigrant.'' 



THE STRUGGLE IN KANSAS. 



CHAPTER XI. 



GOVEENOR REEDER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

July 7, 1854— Sept. 7, 1855. 

72. First Territorial Governor. — Andrew H. Reeder/ 
first Governor of the Territory of Kansas, was appointed 
by President Pierce. He arrived at Fort Leavenworth on 
the 7th of October, 1854. He was a Penn- 
sylvania lawyer of high standing, but 
had never held public office. He had 
always been a member of the Democratic 
party, and thoroughly endorsed the doc- 
trine of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Gov- 
ernor Reeder received a hearty welcome 
at Leavenworth, and his reception was 
quite as kindly at Lawrence, which he 

„ ^ . . ^ ^^ ' Gov. A. H. Reeder. 

soon aiterwards visited. He made a tour 

of observation through the territory to inform himself 

concerning its topography and population. 

73. Territorial and National Officials. — The other ap- 
pointed officers of the territory arrived at intervals. 
The Secretary of the Territory was Daniel Woodson, of 
Virginia. His office was most important, since, under the 
organic act, he assumed in the Governor's absence all his 

1. Governor Reeder is said to have designed the territorial seal. It 
Is two inches in diameter with a shield in the center with the motto 
above it, "PnpiiU voce nata." It means "Born by the voice of the peo- 
ple," or "Squatter Sovereignty." Around the shield are the words : "Seal 
of the Territory of Kansas, Erected May ,30, 1854." 

79 




80 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

powers and functions. The Chief Justice of the Territory 
was Samuel D. Lecompte, of Maryland, a strong pro- 
slavery advocate. 

Officers of significance in Kansas affairs at Washington 
were: Franklin Pierce, President of the United States 
and signer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; D. R. Atchison, 
acting vice-president of the United States, and United 
States Senator from Missouri ; Jefferson Davis, Secretary 
of War, and afterwards president of the Confederacy; 
and Stephen A. Douglas, chairman of the Committee on 
Territories in the Senate. 

74. First Election. Congressional Delegate. — ^Gov- 
ernor Reeder issued his proclamation for an election for 
a delegate to Congress on the 29th of November. This 
was the first election held in the territory. The candi- 
dates were Gen. John W. Whitfield, Pro-slavery; R. P. 
Flenniken, Administration Democrat, and John A. Wake- 
field, Free State. On the day of the election, as was 
afterwards reported by an investigating committee, a 
large number of persons came over from Missouri and 
voted, but General Whitfield received a legal plurality. 
As this would have happened, and he would have received 
a certificate of election without it, the invasion was a 
causeless and senseless outrage, which had no further 
effect than to inflame the North, where the determination 
that Kansas should not be a slave state was daily growing 
more resolute. 

The name which assumed the most prominence in the 
leadership of the Pro-slavery movement was that of David 
R. Atchison. 

75. First Census. — In February, 1855, Governor Reeder 



THE STEUGGLE IN KANSAS. gl 

caused the first census of the territory to be taken. It 
showed a population of 8,601 persons and 2,905 voters. 

76. Second Election — Territorial Legislature.— Gov- 
ernor Reeder divided the territory into districts, ap- 
pointed judges of election and ordered an election for 
a Territorial Legislature to be held March 30, 1855. 

Both sides realized the importance of this election and 
strove for victory. The excitement in Missouri exceeded 
all previous experiences. The Blue Lodges? became very 
active. Meetings were held and money was collected to 
meet the expenses of those who would go to Kansas to 
control the polls. ^ An invading force of 5,000 entered 
the territory. They came on horse-back, in wagons and 
carriages, an ''unkempt, sun-dried, picturesque mob," 
armed with shot-guns, revolvers, and bowie knives, and 
generously supplied with whiskey.* Squads were de- 
tached and sent to the different voting places. The 
judges of election appointed by the Governor were driven 
from the polling places or forced to resign their offices.^ 
The census of the preceding month of February gave 
Kansas Territory 2,905 voters. At this March election 

2. The Blue Lodges were secret proslavery societies. 

.3. Mr. William Phillips, a lawyer residing in Leavenworth, had sworn 
a protest against the validity of the election in his district. He was 
taken into Missouri, where they shaved one side of his head, tarred and 
feathered him, and put him up at auction, where a negro sold him for 
one dollar. A meeting which sanctioned this action was presided over 
by a member of the Proslavery Kansas Legislature, and the resolution 
was offered by a judge and member of the House of Representatives. 

4. "I tell you to mark every scoundrel among you that is the least 
tainted with free-soilism or abolitionism and exterminate him. Neither 
give nor take quarter. * * * i advise you one and all to enter every 
election district in Kansas, in defiance of Reeder and his vile myrmidons 
and vote at the point of the bowie knife and the revolver." — General 
Stringfellow in an address to Missourians. 

r>. On the wall of a saloon in Kansas City, Missouri, was posted this 
notice : "$1,000 reward for Ely Thayer, the founder of the New Eng- 
land Emigrant Aid Society." 

The Missourians brought their tickets with them. 



82 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

6,318 votes were cast, of which 1,410 were legal and 4,908 
were fraudulent. When their votes were cast the Mis- 
sourians went back to Missouri. 

77. Effect of Invasion. — The day after this election 
the actual facts were known all over the territory ; Avithin 
the week, in every corner of the United States. The 
result was fuel to the roaring fire; every means which 
had been used before in the warfai*e against slavery was 
redoubled. The betrayed people who had gone to the 
territory under the implied promise of the Kansas- 
Nebraska Act,*^ that the people of the territories should 
be allowed to regulate their institutions in their own 
way, became throughout the Free States the objects of 
boundless sympathy. The incidents of the invasion of 
March 30 were told in song and story, by artist's pencil, 
and by press and pulpit, and the Free State emigrants, 
with increasing vigor and numbers, pressed into the Ter- 
ritory of Kansas. 

78. Governor Reeder's Action. — In six out of eighteen 
districts, Governor Keeder set aside the elections for 
informality, and ordered an election to be held May 22 
to fill vacancies. He removed his office from Fort Leaven- 
worth to the Shawnee Manual Labor School, two miles 
west of Westport, Missouri, and ordered the first Legis- 
lature of the territory to convene at Pawnee, a town 
which had been laid out near Fort Riley. After his 
decision in regard to the elections, and his proclamation 
for the meeting of the Legislature, Governor Reeder went 

G. The Freo State men had come to the Territory unarmed, but after 
the Missouri invasions, arms were sent for in self-defense against the 
ruffians. Sharp's rifles were sent them in boxes marlted "Booiis." 



THE STRUGGLE IN KANSAS. 



83 



East to meet charges which the Pro-slavery leaders had 
made in asking his removal/ 



^^^^.. 



•^. 



First Territorial Capitol, Pawnee, 1855. 

79. Election of May 22.— At the election to fill vacan- 
cies in the legislature, caused by the Governor's refusal 
to sanction the unlawful voting in certain districts, the 
Pro-slavery voters neither in the territory nor in Mis- 
souri took part. The Free State voters alone participated. 

80. First Legislature — Pawnee. — The members of the 
Legislature met at Pawnee on July 2, 1855. The Pawnee 
town company had erected a stone building for the use 
of the law-makers. 

The Legislature came, went into camp, remained four 



7. The walls of the legislative building still stand in sight of the 
Union Pacific railroad track a few miles east of Fort Riley. 



34 HISTOEY or KANSAS. 

days,^ unseated the Free State members, seated the mem- 
bers declared elected on the 30th of March, and passed 
a bill ''to remove the capital temporarily to Shawnee 
Manual Labor School." This act was vetoed by the 
Governor, it passed over his veto, and the Legislature 
adjourned. 

81. Governor Reeder Removed. — On the re-assembling 
of the Legislature at the Shawnee Manual Labor School, 
Governor Reeder informed the body that it was in ses- 
sion where it had no right to be, in contravention of the 
Act of Congress, and that he could give no sanction to 
any act that it might pass. 

The Legislature, in both branches, memorialized the 
President of the United States to remove Governor 
Reeder. On the 31st of July his removal was officially 
announced, and on the 16th of August the Governor 
reported his removal to the Legislature. So ended the 
term of the first territorial Governor of Kansas. He had 
served eleven months. 

82. Woodson Acting Governor. — The departure of 
Governor Reeder made Secretary Woodson acting Gov- 
ernor. His signature is affixed to all laws passed by 
what the Free State party called the "Bogus Legisla- 
ture." 

83. Acts of Shawnee Legislature. — The first Legisla- 
ture reassembled at Shawnee and adopted as a system 
of laws the Missouri statutes, adding thereto a series 
of "black laws" exceeding in ferocity anything ever 

8. Rev. Thomas .Johnson states that "nearly all the members of the 
legislature had to camp out in the open sun. and do their own cooking 
without a shade tree to protect them, for there were no boarding houses 
in the neighborhood excepting two unfinished shanties. The gentry came 
prepared for roughing it, as they brought an unprecedented assortment of 
legislatorial fixtures, pots, kettles, sauce pans, provisions and tents." 



THE STRUGGLE IN KANSAS. 85 

known in the United States. A large number of counties 
were organized ; Lecompton was fixed upon as the terri- 
torial seat of government, and a provision was made that 
every officer in the territory, executive and judicial, was 
to be appointed by the Legislature or by some officer of 
the Legislature.^ 

84. Mob Violence at Atchison. — During the spring and 
summer of 1855 there was much disturbance. Many of 
the collisions were doubtless incited by private and per- 
sonal enmity, but the outrages which created the most 
profound impression throughout the country were those 
committed for opinion's sake. Rev. Pardee Butler was 
seized at Atchison, in August, and sent down the river 
on a raft made of two logs, with many circumstances of 
injury and insult. Returning the following spring, he 
was stripped, tarred, and covered with cotton. He was 
a peaceable settler of the county, he had only expressed 
his opinion upon a question which, under the Kansas- 
Nebraska Act, was left to the determination of the lawful 
voters of the territory. His story was told all through 
the North and roused a determination of resistance. 
While Pardee Butler was going down the river on his 
raft, John Brown was moving along the road to Kansas 
with his rifle. 

9, As an example of some of the laws formed : It was enacted that 
the death penalty should be inflicted in the case of one who should entice, 
decoy, or carry away any slave with intent to procure his freedom. To 
question the right of slave-holding meant felony and imprisonment with 
hard labor. A citizen could be disfranchised who refused to take oath to 
support the Fugitive Slave Law. The "freedom of the press" was vio- 
lated. If one should assert that persons had not the right to hold slaves 
in the Territory or caused to be introduced or printed any denial of the 
right to hold slaves, such a one would be deemed guilty of felony and 
punished by imprisonment at hard labor for a term of not less than two 
years. Free State men were denied the right to hold office. 

It was provided that "hard labor" should be with heavy ball and 
chain locked to the ankles and on public roads or buildings, and that the 
convicts could be hired out to private parties. 



THE STKUGGLE IN KANSAS. §7 

Review Questions. — Give the dates of Governor Eeecler 's Admin- 
istration. — What had been his experience, and what was his attitude 
with regard to Kansas affairs when he came to the Territory? — Who 
were the territorial and national officials that had supreme control in 
Kansas? — What was their attitude? — What was the purpose and 
result of the first election held in Kansas territory? — What was the 
first census report? — Describe the election of the first Territorial 
Legislature. — What was the effect of the ''Invasion"? — Note Gov- 
ernor Eeeder 's action and the resulting May election. — Locate Pawnee 
and Shawnee. — Enumerate the significant acts of the first Legislature. 
— Give reasons for the removal of Governor Eeeder. — What were the 
"black laws"? — Why was the first Legislature called the ''bogus 
Legislature"? — Do you approve of Governor Eeeder 's action during 
his administration? 



THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. 



CHAPTER XII. 



GOVERNOR SHANNON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Sept. 7, 1855— Sept. 9, 1856. 

85. Second Territorial Governor. — In September, 1855, 
Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, Second Territorial Governor of 
Kansas, appeared at Westport, Missouri. Unlike Gov- 
ernor Reeder, Governor Shannon had been much in pub- 
lic life. He had been Governor of Ohio, United States 
Minister to Mexico, and member of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, where he had voted for the Kansas-Nebraska 
Act. 

THE TOPEKA MOVEMENT. 

86. Origin. — After the first two elections and the inva- 
sions from Missouri, it was a question among the Free 
State people what was to be done that 
Kansans might have their rights as 
American citizens recognized. Dr. 
Charles Robinson was a sagacious and 
conservative leader, and to him the 
people turned. He decided that the 
wisest move would be to ignore the 
''bogus territorial legislature," adopt 
a state constitution and apply for ad- 
mission into the Union. Accordingly ^""^'•°°'- ^"^«" ^'^°°"°- 
meetings were held to spread the idea among the people 
and unite them for service. The most significant meeting 




THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. 89 

was that at Big Springs in October, 1855. James H. 
Lane, a politician from Indiana, was there. Ex-governor 
Reeder gave a stirring address. Since his removal from 
office he had thrown heart and soul into the Free State 
movement and was a great help both inside and outside 
the territory. The effort was the beginning of the Free 
State Party and the movement which resulted in the 
Topeka Constitutional Convention. 

87. Topeka Constitutional Convention. — Delegates to 
the Topeka Constitutional Convention were elected Octo- 
ber 9, 1855. The Convention met on the 23d of October 
and completed the Topeka Constitu- 
tion, the first constitution of Kansas, 
on the 11th of November. The con- 
stitution was submitted to a vote of 
the people on the 15th of December. 
At Leavenworth the poll books were 
destroyed by a Pro-slavery mob, and 
also the office of a Free State news- 
paper. Outside of Leavenworth 1,731 

, i J? j_i j'l i- James H. Lane. 

votes were cast ror the constitution, 
and 46 against it. The Pro-slavery people refused to 
vote at both of these elections. The Topeka Constitution 
provided, "There shall be no slavery in this State, or 
involuntary servitude except for crime." 

88. Election of Congressional Delegate. — On October 
1, an election for delegate in Congress was held. The 
Free State voters took no part in the election, and John 
W. Whitfield received 2,721 votes. On October 9 the 
Free State voters cast 2,849 votes for Andrew H. Reeder. 
Congress refused to seat either contestant. 




90 HISTORY OP KANSAS. 

JHE WAKARUSA WAR. 

89. Cause. — The unity of the Free State people in the 
Topeka movement was a constant irritation to the Mis- 
souri party even though they knew that they had in their 
favor the President of the United States, the Governor, 
and the Territorial Legislature. 

The Free State leaders were very careful to violate 
no law of the United States, and holding themselves in 
quiet reserve awaited the result of the Topeka movement. 

November 21, 1855, a crisis came in the murder of 
Charles M. Dow, a Free State settler, by F. M. Coleman, 
a Pro-slavery advocate, at Hickory Point about ten miles 
south of Lawrence. Dow was a young Democrat of high 
standing in the community who had made his home with 
Jacob Branson, a farmer. When it was found that he was 
murdered for his principles rather than for anything that 
he had done, indignation knew no bounds. Dow was 
buried by his Free State friends, who declared that they 
would ferret out the murderer and his accomplices. That 
night, Coleman fled to Shawnee. No effort whatever was 
made by the authorities to bring him to justice. Though 
the Free State leaders tried to prevent it, someone burned 
Coleman's cabin, and he "swore his life" against Dow's 
friend, Jacob Branson. On the night of November 26, a 
band of Free State people had gathered together at the 
scene of the murder. While they were there Sheriff 
Jones (who, though a resident of Missouri, was by ap- 
pointment of the Territorial Legislature Sheriff of 
Douglas County) went to Branson's home with a posse 
and took him into custody. The Free State men came 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 91 

to ask for Branson, and were informed that he had been 
taken away by a band of armed men. In the search, they 
came upon Sheriff Jones with his men at Brandon's 
Bridge, and demanded and secured Branson's release. 

90. The Events of the War.— Sheriff Jones, in high 
dudgeon, rode to Franklin, a Pro-slavery outpost, dis- 
patched a messenger to Missouri, and notified Governor 
Shannon that a rebellion had broken out in the Territory 
and that 3,000 men were required to suppress it. The 
Governor believed the report, ordered Generals Richard- 
son and Strickler of the territorial militia to march to 
Lecompton and report to the sheriff with all the force they 
could collect. In the meantime, the Missouri border was 
stirred with appeals, and a large force raised to organize 
another invasion. 

A formidable Pro-slavery party consisting of 1,500 men 
gathered at Franklin, marched up to Lawrence, and went 
into camp on the banks of the Wakarusa. They were 
a rough crowd of adventurers. Free State companies 
gathered from the vicinity and joined the garrison at 
Lawrence, where defenses were prepared under the direc- 
tion of Robinson with Lane second in command.^ Law- 
rence had 600 defenders. General Easton, editor of the 
Pro-slavery "Kansas Herald," reconnoitered the town, ad- 

1. Mrs. Robinson tells of the ladies' part in the defense : "Mrs. 
Wood, whose hushand has ever been most active in the free-state cause, 
and for whom the enemy feel no little bitterness, has offered her little 
shake cabin next the hotel for the general use. Daily and nightly the 
ladies meet there in the one room, with its loose open floor through 
which the wind creeps, to make cartridges, their nimble fingers keeping 
time with each heart beat for freedom, so enthusiastic are they in aiding 
the defense." 

Mrs. Samuel N. Wood and Mrs. George W. Brown of Lawrence went 
out six miles from the town and brought in two kegs of powder hidden 
in the voluminous folds of their fashionable dresses. The invaders 
halted them, but finding that they were ladies released them and allowed 
them to go on their way. 



92 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

vised Governor Shannon that it was well fortified, and 
recommended a call for the United States troops at 
Leavenworth. The governor acted accordingly, but 
Colonel Sumner, who was in command, refused to respond 
without orders from Washington. Finally two men from 
Lawrence contrived to get through the enemies' lines and 
communicate with Governor Shannon. They found him 
entirely deceived as to conditions. Thinking the Free State 
people a band of outlaws he was bent on depriving them of 
their arms which they had a constitutional right to carry. 
Governor Shannon visited the camp of the Missourians 
and then Lawrence, and finding that the Lawrence people 
were in the right, and alarmed at the lawless host he had 
collected, succeeded in dispersing the Missourians, to the 
chagrin of Sheriff Jones. The Governor affixed his signa- 
ture to a treaty of peace signed by Dr. Kobinson and 
James Lane. A few evenings later, these gentlemen, ex- 
cepting the Governor, met many of the leaders of both 
sides at an evening party given by the ladies of Law- 
rence.^ Even Sheriff Jones was an invited guest. 

2. The party was given that the governor and his friends might find 
that the Lawrence people were not a set of outlaws but cultivated, loyal, 
American citizens. 

When the voting commenced, the legality of a vote of a Mr. 
Page was raised. Before it was decided, Colonel Samuel Young 
stepped up to the window and said he would settle the matter. The 
vote of Mr. Page was withdrawn, and Colonel Young offered to vote. He 
refused to take the oath prescribed by the Governor, but swore that ho 
was a resident of the territory, upon which his oath was received. He 
told one of the judges, when asked if he intended to make Kansas his 
future home that it was none of his business, that if he were a resident 
then he should be asked no more. After his vote was received Colonel 
Young got up on the window-sill and announced to the crowd that he had 
been permitted to vote and they could all come up and vote. "The polls 
were so crowded that for a time when the men had voted they were 
obliged to get out by being hoisted up on the roof of the building and 
passing out over the house." — The Kansas Conflict. 

"At Bloomington there was an exceptionally successful bedlam. The 
judges exhibited obstinacy which yielded only to an active revolver and 
bowie knife treatment. * * * jt was intimated that their resigna- 
tions would be accepted- — a hint which they neglected to act upon. 



THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. 93 

91. Thomas W. Barber a Martyr. — But the ' ' Wakarusa 
War" was not destined to end without bloodshed. 
Thomas W. Barber, a young man, who had been among 
the defenders of Lawrence, was on his way home with two 
friends, when they were confronted by two horsemen, 
who detached themselves from another party, and Barber 
was killed. Murders had not been uncommon, but this 
excited unusual horror. The funeral of Barber was at- 
tended by every demonstration of respect, Charles Robin- 
son and James H. Lane speaking beside the coffin. 

Whittier afterwards wrote the "Burial of Barber:" 

Not in vain a heart shall break, 
Not a tear for freedom 's sake 
Fall unheeded; God is true. 

The Kansas county of Barber commemorates his name. 

92. The Winter of '55 and '56.— The winter of '55 and 
'56 was a very severe one. The pioneers in their little 
cabins were unprepared for it, and many suffered intense- 
ly- not only from cold, but also from hunger. 

THE TOPIiKA MOVEMENT CONTINUED. 

93. Election of State Officers.— The Free State party 
continuing its tentative government, on January 15, 1856, 
elected state officers and chose Dr. Charles Robinson 
governor. 

94. Session of Topeka Legislature. — On the 4th of 
March, 1856, the first session of the Topeka legislature 

Finally, to expedite affairs a borderer drew his watch and announced a 
five minute period of grace — then resignations or death. The five min- 
utes expired and nothing had been done. An extension of one minute was 
allowed, during which the judges decamped." — Spring. 

Samuel .Tones, afterward known as "Sheriff Jones," led the crowd at 
Bloomington. 



94 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

was held. Dr. Robinson presented a message, and James 
H. Lane and Andrew H. Reeder were chosen United 
States Senators. A memorial was prepared asking ad- 
mission into the Union. The legislature adjourned to 
meet July 4. 

95. Topeka Constitution in Congress.— The Topeka 
Constitution was presented in the Senate of the United 
States by Lewis Cass and in the House by Honorable 
Daniel Mace of Indiana. On the 3d of July, 1856, the 
House of Representatives passed a bill for the admission 
of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution by a vote of 
ninety-nine to ninety-seven. The opposition of the Senate 
to any free Constitution was invincible, and there the 
Topeka Constitution failed to receive the required num- 
ber of votes. 

96. The Territorial Judiciary. — The Judiciary of the 
Territory was entirely in the hands of the enemies of the 
Free State party. An act by the Territorial Legislature 
provided ''that no person conscientiously opposed to the 
holding of slaves, or, not admitting the right to hold 
slaves in this Territory should be a *juror in a case in- 
volving the right to such property." Chief Justice Le- 
compte and Judge Cato were the most prominent judges. 
They were both in sympathy with the Missouri party. 

97. Arrest of the Free State Leaders. — In May the 
grand jury of Douglas County under the instruction of 
Judge Lecompte, began its session at Lecompton. 

The "treason-suppression" program was advanced. Ex- 
governor Reeder, Dr. Charles Robinson,^ and many others 

3. Dr. Robinson had started east with Mrs. Robinson to confer with 
friends of his cause and to put the report of the investigating committee 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 95 

were indicted for high treason. Ex-governor Reeder* 
was in the Territory in attendance on the Congressional 
Investigation Committee. He refused arrest and made 
his way to Kansas City, Missouri, whence he escaped in 
disguise down the Missouri on the deck of a steamboat.'' 
Dr. Robinson was arrested while traveling with Mrs. 
Robinson, at Lexington, Missouri. He was brought back 
to Lecompton and held a prisoner for four months. 

THE SACK OF LAWEENCE. 

98. Conditions and Causes. — Word came frequently 
to the settlers at Lawrence that an attack on the town 
was being planned in Missouri.^ Telegrams were sent to 
the President and to Congress asking for protection, but 
no protection was afforded. Well might the town of 
Lawrence be concerned for its safety. Its leaders who 

in safe hands. At Lexington he was seized and detained until legal 
papers could be obtained from Kansas. Colonel Preston started with his 
prisoner to Lecompton. Governor Shannon, fearing a rescue at Xaw- 
rence, halted the party at Franklin, and sent them to Leavenworth, where 
Governor Robinson barely escaped a mob. Later he was taken to Le- 
compton and confined with other Free State prisoners a part of the time 
in a log hut and at other times in a tent. The place of confinement 
was called the "Bastile of the Prairies." Mrs. Robinson, after her return 
from the east, joined him here. 

4. Reeder escaped disguised as a wood-chopper. He wore a blue jean 
suit, a battered felt hat, smoked an old clay pipe, and carried an ax over 
his shoulder. He walked through the crowds at the hotel undetected, 
and was rowed down the river to an out-of-the-way landing, where a 
friendly captain took him on board. "Get aboard, you old scallawag. 1 
won't wait two minutes for you," shouted the captain, simulating gruff- 
ness as Reeder clambered on board. 

5. Governor Reeder had many valuable papers, which, although dis- 
guised, he dared not carry out of Kansas on his person, nor was there 
any of his men who dared to do it for him. Helen M. Hutchinson, a 
brave woman, concealed the papers and took them safely out of the 
state, although she was intercepted bv ruffians on the road. 

Fort Riley was built in 1855. In 1899, upon the solicitation of 
General Sheridan, the Government began the reconstruction of the Fort. 
It is now a beautiful place, a school for artillery and cavalry. 

7. Missouri received constant accessions from the proslavery country, 
band.s coming from as far away as South Carolina. Buford, of Alabama, 
issued a call for .300 men, olfering by way of inducement, transportation, 
support for a year, and the satisfaction of a chance at an abolitionist. 



96 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

had served so long and faithfully had been imprisoned 
or driven out of the state. It stood alone and helpless. 

Sheriff Jones, who had never recovered from his defeat 
in the Wakarusa War, made himself so obnoxious in his 
arrest of Free State men that he was shot and wounded, 
but not fatally, by a youth of Lawrence. The act, though 
repudiated by the citizens who offered to assist in finding 
the guilty party, was held against the town. The affair 
created great excitement in Missouri, where Jones was 
considered a hero, and it was declared that Lawrence, 
"that foul blot on the soil of Kansas," must be removed. 
As a result the grand jury of Douglas County found 
bills of indictment against the Free State newspapers — 
the "Herald of Freedom" and the "Kansas Free State" 
— and against the principal hotel of Lawrence. 

99. Events. — To carry out the ruling of the Grand 
Jury, Marshal Donaldson issued a call to towns on the 
border to rally at Lecompton. Another wild lawless crowd 
assembled under the leadership of Sheriff Jones and 
General Atchison. On the 21st of May, 1856, they en- 
tered Lawrence with 800 cavalry and infantry and two 
cannon, burned and battered down the Free State Hotel, 
destroyed the offices of the newspapers, and threw the 
presses into the river. On the ruins of the office of the 
"Herald of Freedom," they planted a blood-red flag 
bearing a lone star and the words "South Carolina and 
Southern Rights."^ Stores were broken into and robbed, 
and Dr. Robinson's house was burned.^ 

8. The South Carolina flag is now in the possession of the Kansas 
State Historical, Society at Topeka. 

9. T. H. Gladstone, correspondent of the London Times, and a relative 
of England's great statesman, was at Kansas City when the mob returned 
from the Saclt of Lawrence. He describes the scene thus : "I shall 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 97 

100. A Reign of Terror. — At last the demons of war 
were loose. Dr. Robinson and his co-laborers had shun- 
ned violence and had always counseled no bloodshed, 
and a careful observance of the federal laws, but after 
the arrest of the Free State leaders and the sack of 
Lawrence the territory was "plunged into chaos"; a 
reign of terror began. 

John Brown now became prominent in Kansas affairs. 
He felt that he had a divinely appointed mission to free 
the slaves. Spring says of him that whatever else may be 
laid to his charge — whatever rashness, unwisdom, or 
bloodiness — no faintest trace of self-seeking stains his 
Kansas life. ''In behalf of the cause which fascinated 
and ruled him he was prepared to sacrifice his enemies, 

never forget the appearance of the lawless mob that poured into the 
place, inflamd with drink, glutted with indulgence of the vilest passions, 
displaying with loud boasts the plunder they had taken from the inhab- 
itants, and thirsty for the opportunity of repeating the Sack of Lawrence 
in some other offending place. Men for the most part of large frame, 
with red flannel shirts and immense boots worn outside their trousers, 
their faces unwashed and unshaven, still reeking with the dust and 
smoke of Lawrence, wearing the most savage Woks and giving utterance 
to the most horrible imprecations and blasphemies ; armed moreover to 
the teeth with rifles and revolvers, cntlasses and bowie knives — such 
were the men I saw around me. Some displayed a gross intermixture 
in their dress, having crossed the native red rough shirt with satin vest 
or narrow dress coat pillaged from the wardrobe of some Lawrence 
Yankee or having girded themselves with cords and tassels which the 
day before had ornamented the cnrtains of the Free State Hotel. Look- 
ing around at these groups of drunken, bellowing, bloodthirsty demons, 
who crowded around the bar of the hotel shouting for drink, or vented 
their furious noise on the levee without, I felt that all my former expe- 
rience of border men and Missourians bore faint comparison with tlie 
spectacle presented by this wretched crew, who appeared only the more 
terrifying from the darkness of the surrounding night. A * number of 
these men became my companions for the night as I went up by one of 
the Missouri steamboats from Kansas City to" Leavenworth City. I found 
on the upper deck the few more gentlemanly persons to whom I had 
referred. One or two appeared to be TTnited States oflicers, men of edu- 
cation and refinement. Another, a gentleman more advanced in years, 
held himself somewhat apart, and appeared engaged in anxious thought. 
He had an eye full of bright intelligence and wore the aspect of one 
who was superior to those around him. To my astonishment I per- 
ceived that the older gentleman was a pi'isoner. In reply to inquiry by 
many the answer was given, 'It's Governor Robinson being brought round 
from Lawrence by way of Kansas City.' " 



98 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

and if the offering proved inadequate, to sacrifice him- 
self." 

101. Pottawatomie Massacre. — It was reported to John 
Brown, that Pro-slavery men of Pottawatomie Creek were 
attempting to force people who were obnoxious to them 
from the country and he with a company of seven or 
eight men went up to Dutch Henry's crossing and at- 
tacked the homes of the Pro-slavery settlers, May 24, 
1856. James P. Doyle, his two sons, William Sherman, 
commonly called "Dutch Henry," and Allen Wilkinson, 
a member of the Shawnee legislature, were called out of 
their cabins and killed. ^^ 

102. Black Jack. — The whole country now became the 
prey of marauding parties of both sides. Homes were 
desecrated, crops destroyed, and towns pillaged. Captain 
Pate, who had taken part in the siege of Lawrence, on 
hearing of the Pottawatomie Massacre, started to capture 
Brown, but Brown captured him and twenty-eight of his 
men at Black Jack and kept them prisoners. 

103. Palmyra. — The Missouri border rushed into the 
territory. AVhitfield, delegate to Congress, was made 
leader. They planned to unite with Pate and drive every 
abolitionist from the country. The Free State leaders 
also became active and concentrated their forces at 
Palmyra. The two armies stood face to face June 5. 
Governor Shannon then became alarmed, and ordered 
the United States troops to the rescue. Colonel Sumner 
responded, sent the belligerent parties home, and released 

10. "The men killed had been our neighbors and I was sufficiently ac- 
quainted with their characters to know that they were of the stock from 
which came the Jam^s brothers and the Youngers, who never shrank 
from perpetrating crime if it was done in the interest of the proslavery 
cause." — August Bondi. 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 



99 



the prisoners. On the way back to Missouri, Whitfield's 
party plundered Osawatomie. 

104. Disbanding- of the Topeka Legislature. — In spite 
of the fact that the Topeka Constitution was admitted 
into Congress and that a bill was passed for its adoption 
in the House of Representatives, the administrations of 
President Pierco and those in control in Kansas Terri- 
tory took the position that adherence to the Topeka gov- 
ernment or non-obedience to the Shawnee-Mission Legis- 
lature constituted some form of treason and insurrection. 
On the reassembling of the Legislature at Topeka, July 
4, 1856, Colonel E. V. Sumner, of the National Forces, 
accompanied by United States Marshal Donaldson, ap- 
peared with five companies of United 
States dragoons and two pieces of 
artillery. Entering the Senate and- 
House Colonel Sumner ordered the 
Legislature to disperse. He was 
obeyed. Governor Shannon was out 
of the Territory. Colonel Sumner^^ 
acted under the orders of Acting- 
Governor Woodson and Secretary of 

Colonel E. V. Sumner. ^Yar, JcffcrSOU Davis. 

Colonel Sumner said, "Gentlemen, I am called upon 
this day to perform the most painful duty of my whole 
life. God knows that I have no party feeling in this 
matter and will hold none as long as I occupy my present 
position in Kansas. ' ' Because of his considerate conduct ' 
he was given three cheers by the Legislature. ^- 

11. Colonel Sumner was soon afterward relieved of his command by 
the administration at Washington. I'ersifer 1. Smith, an ardent advocate 
of proslavery, succeeded him. 

12. "The Daughter:-, of the Revolution have placed a tablet on the 




100 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

105. Siege of Lawrence. — In August the siege of 
Lawrence became serious. Pro-slavery men occupied 
forts at Franklin, Saunders, and Titus. These forts con- 
trolled the approaches to the town and cut off supplies. 
Food became scarce. Captain Abbot said, "The boys 
lived for days on oats. It was like eating prairie hay." 
On August 13 Free State men under James Lane attacked 
Franklin, smoked out the block house, and compelled the 
garrison to surrender. Two days afterwards Fort Saun- 
ders was secured, and on August 16, Captain Sam Walker 
with the loss of only one man captured the fortified house 
of Colonel Titus and twenty prisoners. Colonel Titus 
was the most noted of border ruffians. On Sunday, 
August 17, Governor Shannon came to Lawrence, and 
made a treaty of peace, under the terms of which pris- 
oners were released. 

106. Resignation of Governor Shannon. — On August 
18, 1856, Governor Shannon wrote to President Pierce, 
"I am unwilling to perform the duties of governor of 
this territory any longer." On August 21, he received 
notice of his removal. Secretary Woodson again, con- 
trolled, and the reign of ruffianism became supreme. 

107. Destruction of Osawatomie. — On the 30th of 
August, 250 men from Missouri, under General John W. 
Reid, attacked Osawatomie. The place was defended by 
forty-one men, under John Brown. In this action, Fred- 
erick Brown, a son of John Brown, was killed by Rev. 
Martin White. Six Free State men also lost their lives. 
All the houses in Osawatomie save four were burned. 

sidewalk on Kansas Avenue, Topeka. marking the lots on which the 
Topcka fonstitiitional convention assembled, and where Col. E. V. Sumner 
dispersed the Topeka Legislature. 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 101 

108. Mob at Leavenworth. — In Leavenworth, a Pro- 
slavery mob murdered William Phillips, a Free State 
lawyer, who had been tarred and feathered the year be- 
fore, and a vigilance committee compelled Free State 
citizens to leave the city. 

109. Exchange of Prisoners. — On the 5th of Septem- 
ber, 1856, a force of 300 Free State men from Lawrence 
under James Lane with two pieces of artillery appeared 
at Lecompton on the heights about the town. They were 
met by Colonel Phillip St. George Cooke, with a detach- 
ment of United States troops, who demanded the errand 
of the approaching army. It was explained that the re- 
lease of the Free State prisoners — not the "treason pris- 
oners," who were held by United States authorities, but 
all others — was demanded, and the general protection of 
the Free State population from robbery and murder. As 
a result of this interview an exchange of prisoners was 
effected. 

110. Release of Dr. Robinson. — By the efforts of Amos 
A. Lawrence, who had some influence with President 
Pierce, Dr. Robinson was liberated on 
bail of $5,000 just four months from the 
day he was taken prisoner. Of the re- 
maining prisoners, some were tried and 
acquitted, some escaped, and in the case 
of others the suit was dismissed. 

111. Response to the Narrative of the 
Struggle.— The calamities of Free State 
men stirred Northern sentiment deeply. ^ 
Pulpit, press, and convention rang with Mrs.saraT.L.Eobinson 
the story of suffering. Legislatures of several states 




102 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

passed resolutions of sympathy for the Kansas pioneer 
struggling for the cause of liberty. Mrs. Robinson's book, 
"Kansas — Its Interior and Exterior Life," appeared in 
the autumn of 1856. Its strong, brave, clear, realistic 
narrative of border events stirred to the depths the hearts 
of its readers. It ran through nine editions. Beneficent 
societies sprang up everywhere. ^^ Three hundred thou- 
sand dollars in money and provisions were sent to Kansas, 
and hundreds of settlers poured into the territory. They 
were shut off from Missouri ; therefore avoiding that state, 
they came down through Iowa and Nebraska. ^^ 

13. One of the companies of emigrants was called "Lane's Army." It 
was a body of 400 settlers, many of them from Chicago. Members 
stopped along the line and founded Holton and Plymouth. 

Late in September, James Redpath came with 130 men. Shannon 
ordered Colonel Johnson to examine the force on its advent to ascertain 
the purpose of its coming. Colonel Johnson pronounced them "'Real 
immigrants." Another division consisted of 218 men and five women. "I 
do not see many spinning-wheels sticking out of the wagons," said 
Colonel Cooke as he passed among them. "Indeed, there were no visible 
furniture, agricultural implements, or mechanical tools, but all the 
requisite articles for camping and campaigning purposes." This band was 
marched before the governor, but was liberated after he had given them 
some advice as to the conduct of settlers in Kansas. 

14. "The Rifle Christians" from Connecticut under the leadership of 
C. B. Lines were a far-famed band. They came armed with Bibles and 
rifles. Said their leader, "Like our fathers we go with the Bible, to 
indicate the peaceful nature of our mission and the harmless character 
of our company, and a weapon to teach those who may be disposed to 
molest us (if any such there be) that while we determine to do that 
which is right, we will not submit tamely to that which is wrong." This 
company founded Wabaunsee. It was also known, as the "Beecher Bible 
Company." 

Eeview Questions. — Give the dates of Governor Shannon's Ad- 
ministration. — Why was the Topeka movement organized? — Trace 
carefully the Topeka movement, through this administration, gi\dng 
each event. — When and where did the Free State Party have its 
beginning? — What was the attitude of this party with regard to 
United States laws? — Give the date, causes and results of the 
Wakarusa War? — What do you think of the action of Sheri-ff Jones, 
Governor Shannon and Dr. Eobinson in this war? — Give the 
attitude and action of the Territorial Judiciary. — Describe the Sack 
of Lawrence, giving causes and results. — Trace John Brown through 



THE REIGN OP A^IOLENCE. 103 

this administration. — Locate the places about Lawrence that figured 
in the Siege. — Do you think there is a turning point in this adminis- 
tration favorable to the Free State Party? — If you do, what is the 
turning point? — Describe the disbanding of the Topeka Legislature. 
— What was the response to the narrative of the Struggle? 



CHAPTER XIII. 



GOVERNOR GEARY'S ADMINISTRATION. 



Sept. 9, 1856— April 16, 1857. 

112. Third Territorial Governor.— On the 9th of Sep- 
tember, 1856, Governor Geary,^ third governor of Kansas 
Territory, arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He was a man 
of exceptional executive ability, strong and forceful in 
character, true to a trust, and a soldier of reputation for 
bravery. He, like Dr. Robinson, had had experience in 
the western world, having been first 
mayor of San Francisco,, and having 
taken prominent part in establishing 
the government of California. 

The disorders of Shannon's admin- 
istration had aroused indignation the 
country over, and the Democratic 
Party feared defeat at the coming 
election if something were not done to 

Governor John W. Geary. adjUSt the difficulties iu KaUSaS. GoV- 

ernor Geary was decided upon as a man strong enough to 
master the situation. He was confident of success ; the 

1. Governor Geary first gave peace, in degree at least, to the Terri- 
tory. He later served two terms as governor of Pennsylvania, and was 
one of its most noted chief executives. During the Civil war he asked 
permission to raise a regiment. Within forty-eight hours 6,000 men 
applied to him for enlistment in his regiment. 

Alalia Child sent a hox of clothing to the women of Kansas. She 
wrote, "Xever have I heen so proud of women as I have been while 
reading of your patieht endurance and your undaunted heroism." 

104 




THE KEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 105 

desperate conditions fascinated him, and his hand with no 
uncertain grasp took the lever of Kansas affairs. 

He did not hesitate to report the true conditions in 
Kansas to the authorities at Washington. He wrote to 
President Pierce that he had to contend against "armed 
ruffians and brigands"; and that the town of Leaven- 
worth was in the hands of bodies of men, who, calling 
themselves militia, perpetrated the most atrocious out- 
rages under the shadow of authority from the Territorial 
government. 

113. The Hickory Point Fight. — Governor Geary ar- 
rived at Lecompton on the 10th of September, 1856. The 
next day, Captain Harvey, a Free State partisan, surprised 
a Pro-slavery force at Slough 
Creek, in Jefferson County, 
and captured the blood-red 
South Carolina flag, which 
had been raised at the sack- 
ing of Lawrence in May. 
Captain Harvey, two days 
afterwards, attacked Hick- 
ory Point, in Jefferson 
County. Later the 101 men south caroiiua Flag. 
under Harvey were taken prisoners by Colonel Cooke, 
U. S. A., who marched them to Lecompton, where they 
were held by Judge Cato for trial on the charge of murder 
in the first degree. Twenty of these were afterwards 
sentenced to five years in the penitentiary, though they 
were never incarcerated. 

114. Governor Geary's Action. — Governor Geary's 
first act was to issue a proclamation disbanding the Terri- 




106 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

torial militia, and ordering all other armed men to quit 
the Territory. The Governor proceeded to Lawrence, 
September 13, and found the town in arms in prospect 
of another invasion with about 300 poorly equipped and 
discouraged defenders. Even the women and children 
were preparing to aid in the hopeless defense. 

He left United States troops there, and went to the 
junction of the Wakarusa and the Kansas Rivers, where 
he found a force of 2,700 men from Missouri armed and 
organized, drawn up horse and foot, and having with 
them a six-pound battery. They were under the com- 
mand of Atchison, Reid, Whitfield, and Sheriff Jones^ 
and were on their way to the destruction of Lawrence. 
Governor Geary ordered the force to disband and it dis- 
appeared. This is sometimes called ''The Invasion of 
the 2,700." 

115. Free Immigration. — The Missouri River had been 
for some time closed against Free State travel, and large 
parties of Free State immigrants had been entering the 
Territory via Iowa and Nebraska. In October, a party 
was arrested by Colonel Cooke and a Deputy United 
States Marshal. Governor Geary met the immigrants and 
ordered their release. Afterward, immigration was free. 

116. Thanksgiving Day. — Governor Geary appointed 
Thursday, November 20, as a day of thanksgiving for 
the advent of peace. ^ 

117. Kansas State University Initiated. — ''As early 

2. Sheriff .Tonos resip:ned because Governor Geary refused to order 
from Port Leavenworth one hundred balls and chains to put on the Free 
State prisoners at Lfcompton. 

3. November 1, the Herald of Freedom was reissued at Lawrence, 
G. W. Brown, the editor, raised the Stars and Stripes over the building. 
The office was crowded with people waiting for "-he paper. They had had 
none since May 21. 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 107 

as 1856, Mr. Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, one of the 
founders of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, in 
whose honor the city of Lawrence received its name, re- 
quested Chatles Robinson to spend some money for him 
in laying the foundation of a school building on the north 
part of Mount Oread. Mr. Lawrence explained his hopes 
and plans in a letter to Rev. Ephraim Nute, of Lawrence, 
dated December 16, 1856. He says: 'You shall have a 
college which shall be a school of learning and at the 
same time a monument to perpetuate the memory of those 
martyrs of liberty who fell during the recent struggles. 
Beneath it their dust shall rest ; in it shall burn the light 
of liberty which shall never be extinguished until it 
illumines the whole continent. It shall be called the 
''Free State College," and all the friends of freedom shall 
be invited to lend it a helping hand.' His dream was 
• our great university." 

A meeting was held on Christmas Day, 1856, to elect 
a board of trustees for the University. Governor Geary 
and Dr. Robinson were made members. 

118. The Topeka Legislature. — The Topeka Legisla- 
ture re-assembled in January, 1857, when some of the 
officers and members were arrested by a Deputy United 
States Marshal, and taken to Tecumseh. 

119. Second Territorial Legislature, — Lecompton. — 

The second Territorial Legislature met at Lecompton, 
January 12. Many of the bills passed were most unjust. 

4. Since Geary's administration the President and his advisers had 
felt that Kansas could not be made a slave state, but that it might yet 
be saved to Democracy, and this they hoped Governor Walker would 
secure. 



108 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Governor Geary vetoed them, but they v^ere passed over 
his veto. The legislature was entirely Pro-slavery.* 

120. Governor Geary Retires. — Governor Geary's con- 
tentions with the legislature and judiciary to secure jus- 
tice for the people were continuous. His life was con- 
stantly threatened. He applied to the federal commander 
for troops, and was coolly told that they were otherwise 
employed. At the urgent request of his friends he left 
the territory and went to Washington to secure aid from 
the administration. Being unsuccessful, he resigned. 
Many years afterward, in grateful remembrance of Gov- 
ernor Geary's course in Kansas, the name of Davis County 
was changed to Geary. 

121. Governor Walker's Appointment. — James Bu- 
chanan became president of the United States, March 4, 
1857. Robert J. Walker was appointed governor, March 
26, 1857. He was preceded to the Territory by Frederick 
P. Stanton, Secretary, who became Acting Governor until 
the arrival of Governor Walker. 



Eeview Questions. — Note the dates of Geary's Administration. 
— Why was he appointed governor? — What was his immediate action 
on arriving in the Territory? — Describe the Invasion of the 2,700. — 
Relate the story of the initiation of the State University. — Where was 
the meeting of the Second Territorial Legislature held? — How did 
Governor Geary serve the Territory? — What was the greatest hin- 
drance to his endeavors to bring about a reign of law and order? — 
What is your opinion of President Pierce's attitude so far in the his- 
tory of the Territory? 



CHAPTER XIV. 

GOVERNOK WALKER'S ADMINISTRATION. 
April 16, 1857— May 12, 1858. 

122. Fourth Territorial Governor. — Governor Walker, 
the most able man sent to the Territory from Washington, 
arrived in Kansas in May, 1857. He was a Pennsylvanian 
by birth. He had served as United 
States Senator from Mississippi, and ^^^^^^ 
during Polk's administration was ^^ \^ 
Secretary of the Treasury. He re- 
fused to serve as governor of Kansas 
Territory on the President's request, 
hvX being urged and promised the un- 
divided support of the administration 
as well as a free hand in Kansas af- 
fairs, he consented. His idea was to 
establish the ballot in Kansas, to se-Govemor rom. j. waiker. 
cure obedience to territorial laws, and to promote the 
adoption of a constitution by which Kansas could be ad- 
mitted as a state. 

The Secretary of the Territory, Frederick P. Stanton, 
was a very capable, scholarly lawyer, who had served in 
Congress ten years as representative from Tennessee. 
He preceded Governor Walker to Kansas and served as 
acting governor until May. Governor Walker on his tour 
of the Territory pledged the people that their rights at 
the ballot box should be held sacred and inviolable. 

109 



^te^^ 




110 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

123. Election of Delegates for Lecompton Constitu- 
tional Convention. — A Pro-slavery constitutional conven- 
tion had been for a long time in 
contemplation. The Pro-slavery 
Territorial Legislature on June 
15, 1857, had passed a bill au- 
thorizing the election of dele- 
gates. Governor Geary had 
vetoed it on the grounds that it 
did not provide for the submis- 
sion of the constitution to the 
people. Another objection was 
that the census for the appor- ^'''''^'^ '^^"*^^- 
tionment of delegates had been very imperfect. 

Secretary Stanton, however, on his arrival stood for 
the action of the Territorial Legislature, and submitted 
the election of delegates for the Lecompton Constitutional 
Convention. The Free State men for the above reasons 
refused to take part in the election. Only 2,071 votes 
were cast out of 9,251 registered. 

124. Election of Territorial Legislature. — October 5, 
1857, was a ''red-letter" day for the Free State advo- 
cates. It was the regular election for members of the 
Territorial Legislature and territorial delegate to Con- 
gress. In order that the returns might express the will 
of the Kansas people, United States troops were stationed 
at many of the voting places. This action discouraged 
invasions from Missouri. However, at Oxford precinct 
in Johnson County and in McGhee County,^ an Indian 

1. McGhee County is now Cherokee County, 



THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. m 

reservation, a large fraudulent vote was cast.^ Oxford 
precinct containing eleven houses cast 1,628 Pro-slavery 
votes. Governor Walker and Secretary Stanton, true to 
their promises, issued a proclamation rejecting the re- 
turns from these two precincts. This settled the Free 
State character of the lawful returns, securing to that 
party nine of the thirteen councilmen and thirty-four 
of the thirty-nine representatives composing the legisla- 
ture. 

Marcus J. Parrott was elected Free State Territorial 
Delegate to Congress. 

125. Lecompton Constitutional Convention. — The Le- 

compton Constitutional Convention which was Pro- 
slavery met September 11, and framed the second Consti- 
tution of Kansas. 

• The Pro-slavery Party, since a majority of the people 
were for a free state, concluded that their only course 
was the submission of the constitution to Congress with-- 
out its being submitted to the people. It was provided, 
therefore, that the vote should be taken on the "Consti- 
tution without slavery," or the "Constitution with 
slavery," no vote being allowed against the Constitution. 
The Free State people stood for the submission of the 
whole constitution, not merely one clause, 'and refused to 
vote. The vote, taken on the 21st of December, 1857, ac- 
corded to John Calhoun, President of the Lecompton 
Constitutional Convention, stood, ''for the Constitution 

2. .Judge Cato issued- a writ of mandamus ordering the governor to 
issue certificytes of election to the proslavery delegates from the Oxford 
and IMcGhee precints ; that failing, Sheriff .Jones tried intimidation and 
violence, but all to no purpose. Stanton stood tirm. 



112 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

with slavery," 6,226; ''for the Constitution without 
slavery," 569. An enormous fraudulent vote was cast.^ 

126. Second Submission of Lecompton Constitution. 

— During the sitting of the convention, Secretary Stanton 
at the urgent request of many citizens called a special 
session of the Legislature. A message to the Legislature 
from Stanton, Governor Walker being absent, urged the 
submission of the whole constitution. The legislature 
ordered a vote of the people on January 4, 1858, "for" 
or "against" the Constitution. The vote as declared by 
the Governor was 10,288 against the Constitution to 138 
for it. Still the Lecompton Constitution was not shelved. 

127. Resignation of Secretary Stanton. — After having 
called the special session of the legislature, Secretary and 
Acting Governor Stanton was relieved of his duties by 
the administration at Washington, and James W. Denver 
was appointed in his stead, December 21, 1857. 

128. Third Territorial Legislature. — Lecompton. — The 

third Territorial (and first Free State) Legislature met in 
regular session at Lecompton the 4th of January, 1858, 
organized, and on the 6th adjourned to Lawrence. The 
first act of the legislature was the preparation of a me- 
morial to Congress, disavowing all intention to serve 
under the Lecompton Constitution, and urging that body 
not to admit Kansas into the Union under it. 
^ The Territorial Legislature remained in session at 
Lawrence for forty days. It passed bills to repeal the 

3. An interesting bit of history is told in connection with the elec- 
tion returns from Oxford. The legislative investigating committee was 
interested in securing them. They were supposed to be in the hands of 
McLe.in, chief clerk of Calhotin, president of the convention. Irivesti- 
gation failed to find them, however. General Walker, then sheriff of 



THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE. 113 

slave code, and to abolish slavery in the Territory, over 
the veto of Acting Governor Denver, and to remove the 
Capital of the Territory to Minneola, Franklin County. 
It also provided for the election of delegates to meet in 
a Constitutional Convention. This action resulted in the 
Leavenworth Constitution. 

129. The Topeka Legislature. — The Topeka Legisla- 
ture met in Topeka in January, 1858, adjourned to Law- 
rence, and asked the Territorial legislature then in ses- 
sion to substitute the Topeka organization for the Terri- 
torial organization. This they refused to do. The Topeka 
government had accomplished the work for which it had 
been designed. In its constitution, it had given expres- 
sion of the belief of a large and powerful faction of 
Kansas people. It had united them in common faith and 
had been a revelation of their strength, determination, 
and ability. Now the supporters of the Topeka move- 
ment felt that they should unite with the newer Free 
State movement for another constitution. A few of the 
old members met on March 4, but there being no quorum 
adjourned to meet no more as the Topeka Legislature. 

130. The Leavenworth Constitution. — The Convention 
assembled at Mineola on March 23, 1858, and adjourned to 
Leavenworth, re-assembling on the 25th. The Leaven- 
worth Constitutional Convention adopted a Constitution 
which did not contain the word ''white." At the elec- 
tion of May 18, the Leavenworth Constitution received 

Douglas County, was informed that the returns were hidden under a 
wood-pile near McLean's office. Wallier secured a Search and Seizure 
warrant, went down and found them under the wood-pile in a candle box. 



114 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



an aggregate of 3,000 votes. It was presented, but never 
voted on by either House of Congress. 

Minneola, where the Convention first assembled, was 
not legally made the capital of Kansas Territory. The 
bill removing the capital thither was declared illegal 
by Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United 
States. 

131. Governor Walker's Resignation. — The adminis- 
tration at Washington failed to keep faith with Governor 
Walker, and knowing he would be unable to redeem his 
promises to the people, he resigned in May. Acting Gov- 
ernor Denver was made Governor and Hugh S. Walsh, 
secretary, May 12, 1858. 

THE FOUNDING OF SCHOOLS. 

132. Baker University. — Baker University was char- 




The "Old Castle," Baker University. 



tered under the auspices of the Methodist Church, and 
located at Baldwin, in February, 1858. It was named 
after Bishop Osman Baker. President Lincoln contributed 
$100 for its benefit. 



TH^: REIGN OF VIOLENCE. II5 

133. Highland University. — Highland University, a 
Presbyterian School, began its career at Highland in 

1858. 



Eeview Questions.— Who was the Fourth Territorial Governor, 
and when did he serve? — What three measures did Governor Walker 
advocate on his coming into the Territory? — Who was his secretary, 
and what did he do as soon as he arrived to carry out the desire of 
his chief? — Give the story of the election of the Territorial Legis- 
lature on October 5, 1857. — What was the character of the Third 
Territorial Legislature? — Name the most important laws passed. — 
What were the results of the Topeka government? — What was the dis- 
tinguishing characteristic of the Leavenworth Constitution? — Why 
was Minneola not made a capital of Kansas? — Why did Governor 
Walker resign? — When was Baker University founded? 



CHAPTER XV. 

GOVERNOE DENVER'S ADMINISTRATION. ' 
May 12, 1858— Dec. 18, 1858. 

134. Fifth Territorial Governor. — Governor Denver^ 
was a Virginian. He had served under General Scott in 
Mexico, ^and as State Senator in California. He had 
been a member of the House of Representatives, and at 
the time of his appointment was commissioner of Indian 
affairs. From being Acting Governor during Walker's 
administration he became governor. 
Hugh S. Walsh was secretary and 
acting governor during Governor 
Denver's absence. 

135. The Jayhawker. — The greater 
part of border ruffianism heretofore 
occurred within a radius of a few 
miles of Lawrence. Down near Ft. 
Scott in the southeastern part of the 
state, hoAvever, border ruffianism 

Governor James W. Denver, j-^q^ aSSUHlcd alarming propOrtioUS. 

The section around Ft. Scott was settled largely by Pro- 
slavery people. Finally, a few Northerners drifted down 
into that section. Missouri ruffians under G. W. Clark 
made several raids on the Free State members of the 
communities there, burning houses, stealing property and 

1. The city of Denver was named in honor of Governor Denver, by 
the Lccompton party which located the town site. ' 

116 




THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. II7 

assassinating those whom they considered enemies of their 
cause. The Free State men banded together for protec- 
tion at first, but finally retaliated. They were called 
"jayhawkers."- Their most noted leader was James 
Montgomery.-^ 

136. The Marais des Cygnes Massacl-e. — The darkest 
tragedy in the annals of Border Warfare occurred north 
of Ft. Scott at a Trading Post on the Marais des Cygnes 
River, in Linn County, May 19, 1858. A party of 
twenty-five ruffians from across the border, headed by 
Captain Charles Hamilton, collected eleven Free State 
settlers, stood them up in a line in a ravine and fired 
upon them. Five fell dead and all the others save one 
were badly wounded; the five wounded and one un- 
wounded man feigned death and escaped. The murdered 
men were William Stilwell, Patrick Ross, William Colpet- 
zer, Michael Robinson and John F. Campbell. The 
wounded were William Hairgrove, Asa Hairgrove, B". L. 
Reed, Amos Hall and Asa Snyder; the unharmed man 
was Austin Hall. The place of the terrible deed is now 

' 2. The origin of the word "jayhawker" is traced to an Irishman 
named Pat Devlin. One morning a neighbor is said to have met him 
returning from a foraging expedition, laden vi'ith spoils. "Where have 
you been, Pat?" "Jayhawking," said Pat. "Jayhavi'king," said the 
neighbor, "What's that"^?" "Well," replied Pat philosophically, "in the 
old country we have a bird called the jayhawk, which kind 0' worries its 
prey. It seemed to me as I was riding home that that was what I'd 
been doing." It is said that the depredations of some of the jawhawkers 
were no less terrible than those of the Missourians. 

3. Captain James Montgomery was a brave true-hearted conscientious 
man who always acted from principle. Contrasted with him was Dr. 
Chas. R, .Jennison, who boasted that the Missouri mothers hushed their 
children to sleep by whispering the name of "Doc Jennison." 

After a very notorious raid from Missouri led by Clark, Captain 
Montgomery, bent on retaliation, took a characteristic way to find out 
who the raiders were. He went over into Missouri into the midst of 
the enemy disguised as a school teacher. He secured a school, taught it 
two weeks, and having ascertained the personnel of the raiding party 
suddenly disappeared. The school master reappeared later to the dis- 
comfiture of his patrons in a very different guise. 



118 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



marked by a public monument,* and its memory will be 
forever preserved by the lines of Whittier, with their 
final prophecy: 



LE MARAIS DU CYGNE. 



'A blush as of roses 

Where rose never grew ! 
Great drops on the bunch grass, 

But not of the dew! 
A taint in the sweet air 

Eor wild bees to shun ! 
A stain that shall never 

Bleach out in the sun! 



' Prom the hearths of their cabins, 

The fields of their corn, 
Unwarned and unweaponed. 

The victims were torn — 
By the whirlwind of murder 

Swooped up and swept on 
To the low, reedy fenlands. 

The Marsh of the Swan. 



' Back, steed of the prairies ! 

Sweet song-bird, fly back! 
Wheel hither, bald vulture ! 

Gray wolf, call thy pack! 
The foul human vultures 

Have feasted and fled; 
The wolves of the border 

Have crept from the dead. 

' In the homes of their rearing. 

Yet warm with their lives. 
Ye wait the dead only, 

Poor children and wives! 
Put out the red forge fire. 

The smith shall not come; 
Unyoke the brown oxen, 

The plowman lies dumb. 

'Wind slow from the Swan's 
Marsh, 
O dreary death-train, 
With pressed lips as bloodless 

As lips of the slain! 
Kiss down the young eyelids, 

Smooth down the gray hairs; 
Let tears quench the curses 
That burn thro ' your prayers. 



' With s. vain plea for mercy 

No stout knee was crooked; 
In the mouths of the rifles 

Eight m.anly they looked. 
How paled the May sunshine, 

Green Marais du Cygne, 
When the death-smoke Dlew over 

Thy lonely ravine. 

' Strong man of the prairies, 

Mourn bitter and wild! 
Wail, desolate woman! 

Weep, fatherless child! 
But the grain of God springs up 

From ashes beneath. 
And the crown of His harvest 

Is life out of death. 

' Not in vain on the dial 

The shade moves along 
To point the great contrasts 

Of right and of wrong; 
Free homes and free altars 

And fields of ripe food; 
The reeds of the Swan's Marsh, 

Whose bloom is of blood. 



4. Only one of the murderers was ever brought to justice and he not 
until five years after the tragedy. 



THE EEIGN OF VIOLENCE. 119 

* ' On the lintels of Kansas Henceforth to the sunset, 

That blood shall not dry, Unchecked on her way. 

Henceforth the Bad Angel Shall liberty follow 

Shall harmless go by ! The march of the day. ' ' 

137. Peace Tour of Governor Denver. — Governor Den- 
ver made a peace tour of the country after the tragedy. 
The climax of his endeavors was at a mass meeting at 
Fort Scott. He said, "I shall treat actual settlers with- 
out regard to former difficulties. I do not propose to dig 
up the past. Both parties, have done wrong, but I shall 
let all that go." 

138. Visit of John Brown. — John Brown made a visit 
to the Southeast shortly after Governor Denver's peace 
mission. Brown's advent was anything but quieting. 
He entered Missouri, brought over fourteen persons law- 
fully bound in servitude, and though a reward of $3,000 
was offered by the Governor of Missouri for his capture, 
he escaped with his flock to Canada. 

139. Failure of Lecompton Constitution. — It was evi- 
dent by the beginning of 1858, that slavery could never 
be established in Kansas with the consent of the people, 
yet, nevertheless, President Buchanan urged upon Con- 
gress the acceptance of the Lecompton Constitution, de- 
claring that Kansas was "already a slave State, as much 
as Georgia or South Carolina." In this policy he was 
vigorously opposed by Senator Douglas. After much 
discussion the Lecompton Constitution was sent back to 
the Kansas people. The vote was taken August 2, 1858, 
under the propositions of the "English bill,"'" and again 
the Constitution was repudiated by 11,812 to 1,926 votes. 

5. The English Bill was the bill under which the Constitution was 
considered. 



120 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

140. Resignation of Governor Denver. — Governor 
Denver resigned October 10, 1858. He was the first gov- 
ernor not removed or compelled to resign. Hugh S. Walsh 
served as acting governor until the arrival of Governor 
Medary. 

Eeview Questions. — Who was the Fifth Territorial Governor? — 
"What is the origin of the term ' ' jayhawker "? — Describe the Marais 
des Cygnes Massacre.— What do you think of the peace tour of Gov- 
ernor Denver? — Tell of John Brov\/n as a liberator. — Why was the 
Lecompton Constitution repudiated? 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION 

CHAPTER XVI. 



GOVERNOR MEDARY'S ADMINISTRATION. 
Dec. 18, 1858— Feb. 9, 1861. 

141. Sixth Territorial Governor. — Samuel Medary^ 
was an editor of prominence in Columbus, Ohio. He was a 
forceful writer, and made the "Ohio Statesman" a power 
in the land. He served his party so 
faithfully and well that his admirers 
gave him the title of "Old Wheel 
Horse of Democracy." He nominated 
James K. Polk for the presidency, 
and was offered the position of United 
States minister to Chili; Medary was 
Minnesota's last territorial governor, 
and the last one to hold that office in 

Kansas. He began his duties, at Le- Governor Samuel Medary. 

compton December 18, 1858. George M. Beebee was 
secretary and acting governor during the absence of his 
chief. 

142. Fourth Territorial Legislature — Lawrence. — 

Governor Medary 's position required him to pass in re- 

1. Governor Medary's name was formerly written Madeira and is still 
pronounced so, el having the sound a. 

121 




122 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

view the acts of the Fourth Territorial Legislature. That 
body met at Lecompton January 3, 1859, and adjourned 
at once to Lawrence. It repealed the ''Bogus Statutes" 
of 1855, which were afterwards burned in the streets; 
made provision for a Constitutional Convention and a 
State Government if the people should decide for it at 
a preliminary election, and passed an act of amnesty for 
offenders in certain counties who had been fighting over 
political differences. 

WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTION. 

143. The Convention. — The election of delegates to 
the Convention occurred on the 7th of June, 1859. 

The Convention which was to frame the Constitution 
under which Kansas was destined to enter the Union 
of the States, assembled at Wyandotte, July 5, 1859. It 
was composed of fifty-two delegates. 

In the election of these, the old appellations of "Free 
State" and "Pro-slavery" were abandoned, and the 
elected delegates were classified as thirty-five Republi- 
cans and seventeen Democrats. It was the first Consti- 
tutional Convention in Kansas which contained members 
of both political parties. A permanent organization was 
effected by the choice of James M. Winchell, as Presi- 
dent ; John A. Martin, as Secretary. 

144. The Model.— The Constitution of the State of 
Ohio Avas adopted as a "model or basis of action." 

145. For Freedom. — The Convention was for freedom. 
The Sixth Section of the Bill of Rights was made to read 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 



123 




Samuel A. Kinsman, 
Temporary Chairman. 



''There shall be no slavery in this 
State, and no involuntary servitude, 
except for crime, whereof the party 
shall have been duly convicted." 

A proviso to suspend this section, for 
one year . after the admission of the 
State, was voted down, twenty-eight 
to eleven. This was the last sugges- 
tion made to allow slavery to exist in 
Kansas, for a day or an hour. Said a 
member of the Convention, "the Constitution will com- 
mend itself to the good and true everywhere, because 
through every line and syllable there glows the generous 
sunshine of liberty." 

146. Boundary and Capital. — The Convention rejected 
a proposition to embrace, in the new State, a portion of 
Nebraska south of the Platte. It fixed the western boun- 
dary at the twenty-fifth meridian, cutting off the Terri- 
torial county of Arapahoe, which was afterwards em- 
braced in the Territory and State of Colorado. Thus, the 
boundaries of Kansas were finally and permanently de- 
termined. 

The temporary seat of Government was located at To- 
peka. 

147. Adoption of the Constitution. — The vote on the 
constitution was taken on the 4th of October, 1859, 
and stood : for the Constitution, 10,421 ; against the Con- 
stitution, 5,530. The "homestead clause" was submitted 
separately, and received 8,788 votes, as against 4,772. 
Thus the free people of Kansas adopted the Wyandotte 
Constitution. 



124 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



148. Men of the Convention.— The Wyandotte Consti- 
tutional Convention has maintained a high place in the 
regard of the people of Kansas, on account of the strong 

and steadfast character of its mem- 
bership, and of the solid quality of its 
work. Historians of the Convention 
have recorded that few of the hereto- 
fore prominent leaders of political 
action in the Territory were present in 
the Convention, and that a large pro- 
portion of the members were young 
men. 

Its labors were followed, within two 
years, by the admission of Kansas as a State, and by the 
outbreak of a war in which the existence of the State, 
and of the Union had to be maintained. In the councils 
of the civil state, and in its armed defense, the members 
of the Wyandotte Convention bore a high and honorable 
part.2 

149. The Permanent Work of the Convention. — 

Though the Wyandotte Convention contained few of 




Solon 0. Thacher. 



2. In the organization of the first Supreme Court, Samuel A, King- 
man served as an Associate Justice, and afterward, as its Chief Justice. 

Two of the framers of the Wyandotte Constitution, John J. Ingalls 
and Edmund G. Ross, lived to serve Kansas in the Senate of the United 
States. John A. Martin, the youthful Secretary, was twice chosen Gov- 
ernor of the State. Two of the lawyers of the body, Solon O. Thacher 
and William C. McDowell, were chosen District Judges at the first elec- 
tion under the Constitution. These and many others served the State 
long and well in various places of responsibility, in the first and subse- 
quent Legislatures, on the bench, and in other capacities. W. R. Griffith, 
the first State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was a member of 
the Convention. 

When "war's wild deadly hlast was blown," the members of this Con- 
vention rallied to the standard. James G. Blunt entered the service at 
once and became a major-general. John P. Slough became a brigadier- 
general, while other officers and members of the Wyandotte Convention 
entered the army as line and field officers of the Kansas regiments. 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 



125 




Mrs. 0. I. H. Nichols, 



those who had prior to its assemblage been recognized 
as conspicuous- leaders in controlling 
public opinion in the Territory, it 
framed a Constitution that met the 
Kansas idea of the rights of man, of 
the protection .of the home, and the es- 
tablishment of justice. The spirit of 
the Constitution has been preserved. 
None of the amendments added to it 
have weakened or restricted its original 
purpose. It remains, after fifty years, 
the charter of liberty, and the basis of law in Kansas.^ 

150. Abraham Lincoln in Kansas. — In December, 1859, 
Abraham Lincoln visited Kansas. He spoke at Elwood, 
Troy, Doniphan, Atchison and Leavenworth. Lincoln 
had made his entrance into the national political arena 
by virtue of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and consequently 
had been interested in the welfare of Kansas Territory 
since its organization. That the people of Kansas loved 
and respected Lincoln goes without saying. The largest 
political gathering that had ever assembled in Kansas 
heard him at Leavenworth. His speech was substantially 
the same as that delivered afterward at Cooper Institute, 
New York City, and is one of the ablest productions of 
American statesmen. 

151. Election of Officers.— On the 6th of December, 
1859, an election had been held under the Wyandotte 

3. A Kansas woman, Mrs. Nichols, attended the sessions of the 
convention daily and sat knitting and listening while the members 
wrought out the Constitution. As occasion offered she counseled for 
those provisions that protect the sacred rights of man, the protection 
of the home, and the establishment of justice. 



126 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Constitution for State officers, a Eepresentative in Con- 
gress, and members of the Legislature. 

Dr. Eobinson, who had endeared himself to the hearts 
of the people during the long but successful struggle, 
was chosen the first governor of the state for which he 
had labored so faithfully. Martin F. Conway was elected 
representative in Congress. In the national election of 
1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United 
States. 

152. The Free State Party. — The great victory after 
all was not bought by battle and carnage, but by the 
diplomacy of the Free State Party, of whom Dr. Robinson 
was chief. Its record "has no parallel in American his- 
tory." It united individuals and factions into an efficient 
whole; it turned the mistakes of enemies into forces in 
its own favor. The invasions, the arrest of the Free State 
officers, the dispersion of the Topeka legislature, the sack 
of Lawrence, all were blunders of the Missouri party 
which the Free State leaders turned to their own account. 
On every corner the Missouri party was out-generaled 
while the Free State forces were advanced steadily to 
victory. The early acts of the drama of the Nation's 
trial were played in Kansas and were the foreshadowing 
and the prophecy of the Civil War. 

153. Fifth Territorial Legislature — Lawrence. — The 
fifth and last Territorial Legislature of Kansas met at 
Lecompton on the 2d of January, 1860, and in spite of 
the protests of Governor Medary, adjourned to Lawrence. 
The Governor and Secretary remained at Lecompton, 
the Legislature adjourned sine die. The Governor called 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 127 

the Legislature to meet in special session at Lecompton. 
The Legislature met and passed a bill adjourning to 
Lawrence ; the Governor vetoed the bill ; it was passed 
over his veto, and the Legislature assembled in Lawrence. 
The most important act of the legislature was the passage 
of a bill abolishing slavery. Governor Medary vetoed 
the bill. It was passed over his veto. This was the last. 
Governor Medary resigned in December, 1860, and was 
tendered a public dinner at Lawrence, in token of the 
appreciation felt for the dignity, firmness and impartiality 
with which he had performed his duties. George M. 
Beebe, Secretary of the Territory, became acting Gover- 
nor and continued in this capacity until the inauguration 
of the State Government, February 9, 1861. 

154. Action of Congress on the Constitution. — The 

people of Kansas had spoken, but the ^Yill of the people 
was not yet to be consummated. The admission of Kansas 
as a Free State was yet to be opposed in the Senate of 
the United States. On the 11th of April, 1860, the House 
passed the bill admitting Kansas under the AVyandotte 
Constitution. The bill went to the Senate and was there 
rejected. On the 21st of January, 1861, Jefferson Davis 
and other Southern Senators announced' their withdrawal 
from the Senate of the United States. On the same day 
William H. Seward called up in the Senate the bill for 
the admission of Kansas and it was passed, thirty-six to 
sixteen. It was then returned to the House and passed 
out of the regular order, 117 to forty-two, and on the 
29th of January, the Act was signed by James Buchanan, 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 129 

President of the United States. That January day was 
thereafter "Kansas Day."* 

155. Lincoln Heralds the New Star. — The morning of 
the 30th of January, 1861, found Kansas a Free State of 
the Union. The first time the flag of the United States 
was raised over Independence Hall, Philadelphia, with 
the added star of Kansas in the field, was on the 22d of 
February, 1861. In raising the flag. President-elect Lin- 
coln said: "I am invited and called before you to par- 
ticipate in raising above Independence Hall the flag of 
our country with an additional star upon it. I wish to 
call your attention to the fact that, under the blessing of 
God, each additional star added to that flag has given 
additional prosperity and happiness to this country." 
The star of Kansas was raised above the birthplace of 
Independence, on the birthday of Washington, by the 
hands of Lincoln, the Emancipator. 

When a deed is done for Freedom, 

Through the broad earth 's aching breast 

Euns a thrill of joy prophetic, 

Trembling on from east to west. 

—Lowell. 

INDUSTKIAL AFFAIRS. 

156. The Pony Express.— In April, 1859, the first Pony 
Express started from St. Joseph, Missouri, across Kansas, 

4. The Lawrence Free State cannon, Old Sacramento, had been buried 
at the close of the Border Warfare, but on Kansas' natal day it was dug 
up, placed on Mt. Oread, and made to participate in the celebration. It 
is now at the State University. 



130 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



for San Francisco, to span the gap which then existed 
between the Missouri River and the Pacific coast. The 
plan was to carry the mail on horseback, and, as rapid 
time was required, relays were stationed every twenty- 
five miles, at which fresh horses and riders were kept. 
The mail carrier, mounted on a spirited Indian pony, 
would leave St Joseph at break-neck speed for the first 
relay station, swing from his pony, vault into the saddle 
of another standing ready, and dash on toward the next 
station. At every third relay a fresh rider took the mail. 
Through rain and sunshine, night and day, over mountain 
and plain, the wild rider continued solitary and alone. 
The distance, 1,996 miles, was made in ten days. Then 
came the Wells & Fargo Express, next the Butterfield 
Overland Stage Company, and then the great railways. 

157. Drought of I860.— The year 1860 was a notable 
one for the nation and for Kansas. Aside from the politi- 
cal strife and anxiety, Kansas witnessed the coming of the 
direst natural calamity recorded in 
the country's history, ranking with 
the flood of '44. From June, 1859, 
until November, 1860, there was a 
widespread drouth, relieved by a few 
local showers. Vegetation perished 
save the prairie grass, which during 
the early spring and midsummer 
flourished along the ravines and 
creeks, and even when dried up by 
the hot winds, cured suddenly into hay and so afforded 
feed for cattle. It is estimated that in this time of want 




Samuel C. Pomeroy. 



MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. 



131 




30,000 emigrants left the country west of the Missouri, 
spreading the story of the disaster. In time, arrange- 
ments for systematic aid for Kansas were organized in 
the East. Kansas was divided into 
two aid districts, S. C. Pomeroy being 
placed in charge of Northern, and 
W. F. M. Arny^ of Southern Kansas. 
The response from the great States 
of New York, Wisconsin, Indiana, 
Illinois, and Ohio was especially 
generous. More than 8,000,000 pounds 
of provisions and clothing, $85,000 in 
money, and 2,500 bushels of seed w. f. m. Amy. 

wheat were received by the constituted ''aid" authori- 
ties, and great amounts of ''aid goods" were received 
from churches, societies and individuals." 

158. Shadow of Coming Events. — It was with the 
shadow of great j^rivation still hanging over the State 
that the n^^w State Government began its existence. There 
had been civil strife ; the steps of famine had followed, 
and now were heard in the near distance the mutterings 
of war, which was to wrap the Nation in smoke and 
fiame.'^ 

.5. In .7uno. 1861, ompty fino-woven sacks could be found in every 
community, all marked "W. F. M., Arny, A^ont." Later on, men and 
bovs could b(> seen wearinfj pnnts {'.nd coats made from these sacks, with 
"W. F.," or "Arny" or "Agent" in sight. 

6. General S. C. Pomeroy was made receiving agent at Atchison. 
This place was selected on account of its being the only railroad station 
in Kansas. General Pomeioy devoted his whole time to this benevolent 
work, and no man could have l»een more vigilant, industi-ious, and faithful 
than be in the discharge of the oherous ;^nd trying duties assigned to 
him. — Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. IX. 

7. A discussion sprang up in the newspapers as to the first school- 
master "abroad" in Kansas after its organization as a Territory. J. B. 
McAfee claims to have opened the Leavenworth Collegiate Institute May 



132 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Eeview Questions. — Give the dates of the administration of 
Governor Medary. — Where was the State Constitution of Kansas 
formed? — "What was the model after which it was patterned? — How 
did the members of the convention stand on the slavery question? — 
When did Kansas receive its final boundary? — Eeview the boundaries 
of the countries which have included Kansas from early times until 
1861. — What can you say of the character of the men of the con- 
vention? — Tell of Abraham Lincoln in Kansas. — Give a summary of 
the work of the Free State Party. — Where did the Fifth Territorial 
Legislature meet? — Where is Kansas Day in the calendar, and why 
do we celebrate it? — Tell how Lincoln heralded the new star represent- 
ing Kansas on the national flag. — Do you consider the lines of Lowell 
prophetic of the freedom of the slave in the nation? — Tell of the 
industrial affairs at the close of the period. — Name the territorial 
capitals. — How many constitutions were formed? — How many terri- 
torial legislatures assembled? — Give a summary of the Topeka gov- 
ernment. 

14, 1855. Edward P. Fitch is named as having opened the pioneer school 
of Kansas at Lawrence, January 16, 1855. Mr. G. W. W. Yates notes 
as the oldest country school that at the Union schoolhouse, three miles 
north of Lawrence, begun in February, 1855. 




The Old Windmill at Lawrence. 



A BRIEF SUMMARY OF CERTAIN SUBJECTS OF 
THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 

THE TRAGEDY OF JOHN BEOWN. 



His Migration and Settlement. — It was the 23(1 of August, 
1855, that John Brown,^ born at Torrington, Conn., May 9, 1800, a 
man then fifty-five years of age, started from Chicago, HI., with 
a heavily loaded one-horse wagon for Kansas. He walked beside 
his wagon, shot game for food, passed through Hlinois, Iowa and 
Missouri, and reached a point on or near Pottawatomie creek, 
eight miles from Osawatomie, Kansas Territory, on the 6th of 
October, 1855. He settled in the neighborhood of his sons, John 
Brown, Jr., Salmon, Frederick, Jason, and Owen Brown, who had 
come to the territory with their families early in the year. From 
the day of his arrival, his name became attached, for weal or woe, 
for glory or for shame, with that of Kansas. He was very gen- 
erally known first as ''Osawatomie Brown." 

His first public appearance in the troubles 
of the Territory appears to have been at Law- 
rence during the "Wakarusa War," in Decem- 
ber, 1855. That disturbance was ended by a 
"ti-eaty," as it was called, but "Osawatomie 
Brown" wanted no treaty and counseled re- 
sistance. On the 24th of May, 1856, five Pro- 
slavery settlers on Pottawatomie creek were 
killed. This was the "Pottawatomie Mas- 
sacre," over John Brown's complicity in which 
there has been much controversy. John Brown, 
when asked by his son, Jason Brown, who was 
horrified by the deed, "Father, did you have 
anything to do with that bloody affair on the 
Pottawatomie?" said, "I approved it." 




John Browa. 



1. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant: "My father worked for and 
lived in the family of Mr. Brown, the father of John Brown. I have 
often heard my father speak of John Brown, particularly since the events 
at Harper's Ferry. Brown was a boy when they lived in the same house, 
but he knew him afterwards, and regarded him as a man of great purity 
of character, of high moral and physical courage, but a fanatic and 
extremist in whatever he advocated." 

.133 



134 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

John Brown in the Field. — From this time forward, John Brown 
may be said to have taken and kept the field. He seldom joined 
himself with what may be called the masses of the Free State 
party. He did not aspire to the civil or military leadership of 
that party, but, with a small and chosen company, he kept the 
wood and prairie; attacking and attacked. A few days after the 
' ' Pottawatomie Massacre, ' ' Captain H. Clay Pate, a Deputy 
United States Marshal, with a posse, captured John Crown, Jr., 
and Jason Brown. They were turned over to the United States 
troops and marched to Lecompton, prisoners. On the road they 
were treated with such severity that John Brown, Jr., was driven 
insane. On the 2d of June, Captain John Brown, at Black Jack, 
captured Captain Pate and twenty-eight of his party, and held 
them prisoners till they were taken from him by United States 
troops, but treating them, as Captain Pate himself stated, with 
humanity. On the 30th of August occurred the second attack on 
Osawatomie. John Brown, with forty-two men, unavailingly 
fought the assailants, the town was burned, and his son Frederick 
was shot down in the road. 

John Brown in Massachusetts. — In February of the next year, 
1857, John Brown appeared before a committee of the Massa- 
chusetts Legislature and told of the suffering in Kansas as he had 
seen it, the burnings, the robberies, the murders, the houseless 
people, the fire, smoke and desolation. 

The Liberator. — After this Eastern visit he appeared again in 
Kansas, made a raid into Missouri, brought out fourteen slaves, 
and went away to the North with them. The Governor of Mis- 
souri offered $3,000 reward for him, and the President of the 
United States $250. An attempt made to capture Brown on his 
northward way at Holton was a failure. 

In the early days of January, there appeared in a Kansas 
paper, the ''Lawrence Eepublican," a communication signed by 
Brown, and usually called "John Brown's Parallels," It was 
his farewell to Kansas. He recited his action in carrying off the. 
slaves from Missouri, and contrasted it with the ' ' Marais de 
Cygnes Massacre," which had happened in the May previous. 
When this article appeared. Brown had gone from Kansas. In 
March, 1859, he went north with twelve fugitive slaves. 

He returned to the states soon after his triumphal entry into 
Canada as a liberator; went with not more than twenty men to 
the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, too^ pos- 
session, and extended freedom to the slaves in the vicinity. He 
had hoped to incite the slaves to rise and demand their freedom. 
When asked by what authority he had taken public property, he 



JOHN BKOWN. 135 

said, ''By the authority of Almighty God." When the troops 
of state and nation entered the fort after a brief contest, all 
the insurgents but two or three were dead or wounded. Brown, 
was thrust twice with a sabre but not killed. 

The Defense. — On the 1st of November, 1859, John Brown 
stood up in court at Charlestown, Virginia, to answer if he might, 
why sentence of death should not be passed upon him, and he drew 
some further ' ' parallels. ' ' 

*'I have another objection, and that is, that it is unjust that 
I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in the manner 
in which I admit, and which I admit has been fairly proved (for 
I admire the truthfulness and candor of the greater portion of 
the witnesses who have testified in this case), had I so interfered 
in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called 
great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, or 
mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and 
suff"ered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would 
have been all right, and every man in this court would have 
deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment. 

''This court acknowledges, as I suppose, the validity of the law 
of God. I see a book kissed here which I suppose to be the Bible, 
or, at least, the New Testament. That teaches me that all things 
'Whatsoever I would that men should do unto me, I should do 
even so to them.' It teaches me further, 'to remember them 
that are in bonds as bound with them, ' I endeavored to act up 
to that instruction. I say, I am yet too young to understand that 
God is any respector of persons. I believe that to have interfered 
as I have done, as I have always freely admitted I have done, 
in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, 
if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the 
furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further 
with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in 
this slave country, whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, 
and unjust enactments, I submit, so let it be done. ' ' On the 
2nd of December, 1859, John Brown was executed at Charles- 
town, Va. 

In Memory. — In Kansas, the name of John Brown is held in 
remembrance in many ways, both by the old who knew his face, 
and the young who have but heard his name. In 1877 a marble 
monument was reared to his name at Osawatomie, near the old 
field of fearful odds. In the collection of the State Historical 
Society are preserved the garments he wore, and some of the last 
lines he is known to have written. A Kansas poet, Eugene F. 
Ware, has written of him: 



136 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

From boulevards, 

O'erlooking both Nyanzas, 
The statued bronze shall glitter in the sun, 

With rugged lettering: 
''John Brown of Kansas; 

He dared begin; 
He lost. 
But losing, won. ' ' 




Golden medal presented in 1874 to Mrs. Mary A. Brown, widow of John Brown, 
by the French Government. 

On October 21st, 1874, a letter was written by Victor Hugo to 
the widow and children of John Brown. It was signed by nine 
other Frenchmen, who represented the Republicans of France. 
With this letter was a beautiful gold medal bearing the likeness 
of John Brown on one side and an inscription in French on the 
other. The letter and medal are now in the State Historical 
Society Museum. A free translation on the reverse side of the 
John Brown medal reads as follows: ''To the memory of John 
Brown, legally assassinated at Charleston, the 2d of December, 
1859, and to that of his sons and his companions, lifeless victims 
to the cause of the liberty of the colored people. ' ' 



TERRITORIAL CAPITOLS. 

Kansas Capitols. — A history of the various edifices which have 
been used from time to time for Kansas capitols, Territorial and 
State, would serve as a thread on which to string a political 
history of Kansas, and, moreover, a sketch of the material prog- 
ress of the country. 

Fort Leavenworth. — The first capital of Kansas, the first 
executive office, at least, was at Fort Leavenworth. Here, in 
obedience to his instructions from Washington, came Andrew H. 
Reeder, first Governor of Kansas Territory. He was assigned 
quarters in a brick building on the west side of the parade. The 
executive office was in a stone building belonging to the quar- 



TERRITOEIAL CAPITOLS. 137 

termaster's department. It was furnished with republican sim- 
plicity. Here the Governor, who had taken the oath of office in 
Washington, administered the obligation to his associates in the 
Territorial Government as they, one after another, arrived. Here 
he issued commissions and proclamations, and on one occasion 
held court as a justice of the peace. 

Shawnee Mission. — After fifty days' experience at Fort Leav- 
enworth, Governor Reeder, on the 24th of November, 1854, re- 
moved the seat of government to the Shawnee Manual 
Labor School, commonly called the Shawnee Mission, located one 
mile from the Missouri line, two and one-half miles from West- 
port, Mo., and seven miles from Kansas City. 

Somewhat reluctantly, Eeverend Mr. Johnson and his wife 
received as guests the Governor and the larger number of the 
Territorial officers, and saw the mission appropriated in part as 
the capitol of Kansas. The winter of 1854-55 passed quietly at 
the Mission. The Governor and his associates doubtless watching 
with interest the operations of the Mission, which was then at 
the height of its prosperity, with between 200 and 300 Indian 
boys and girls in attendance, who studied their books, and, be- 
sides, labored on the fine farm of 1,900 acres, and worked in the 
shops and the mill. The Territorial officers boarded with the 
Mission family, as later on did many of the members and officers 
of the Legislature. 

Pawnee. — April 16, 1855, Governor Reeder called for the con- 
vention of the Territorial Legislature July 2, at Pawnee, near 
Fort Riley. There was little at Pawnee, except a stone house, the 
ruins of which are still visible. Yet that stone house was the 
first '^ capitol building" of Kansas. The Legislature refused to 
remain at Pawnee, and re-located at Shawnee Mission. Pawnee 
came to immediate grief. The site was declared to be within 
the military reservation of Fort Riley, and the settlers were 
removed by the soldiers. 

Shawnee Mission. — The Legislature, again ensconced at the 
Shawnee Mission, proceeded to perform the acts which acquired 
for it the title, with the Free State people, of the ''Bogus Legis- 
lature. ' ' 

Governor Reeder remained with it officially but a short time, 
only four days, at the end of which he informed the body that 
he had been removed. He remained a short time longer as a 
spectator. 

To Shawnee Mission came the second Territorial Governor, 
Wilson Shannon, and the executive office was maintained there 
until the spring of 1856. 



138 ' ■ HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Lecompton Chosen. — A joint session of the Legislature m 
August, 1855, located the permanent capital at Lecompton. 

The second Territorial Legislature which assembled at Le- 
compton, January 12, 1857, met in a frame house, which had been 
built for its occupancy by Mr. William Nace. The national ad- 
ministration, however, was determined on Lecompton as a capital, 
and Congress made a liberal appropriation for a capitol building, 
which rose only to the height of the foundation, but was sufficient 
to consume the appropriation. The foundation was afterwards 
occupied by the building of Lane University. The frame house 
on Elm street was the meeting place of the Lecompton Constitu- 
tional Convention, which gave the structure the name of Constitu- 
tional Hall. The second Legislature held its entire session at 
Lecompton, but the third Legislature, which entertained different 
political convictions, adjourned to Lawrence, which was there- 
after virtually the capital, the successive Legislatures meeting 
at Lecompton, and adjourning at once to Lawrence. 

In Lawrence. — Lawrence furnished two ''capitols" in which 
the Legislature met. One is described by the local historian as 
the ''new brick building, just south of the Eldridge House," of 
which the two houses occupied the second and third floors, the 
other was ' ' the old concrete building on Massachusetts street, 
north of Winthrop. ' ' In Lawrence met, in 1861, the last of the 
Territorial Legislatures. 

CONSTITUTIONS. 

Constitutions. — Four 'constitutions were formed in Kansas. 
The Topeka Constitution passed the House, but failed to pass the 
Senate. The Lecompton Constitution passed both Houses of 
Congress, but failed to be confirmed by the people of Kansas. 
The Leavenworth Constitution was never voted on by either House 
of Congress, The Wyandotte Constitution was the constitution 
under which Kansas was admitted. All but the Lecompton Con- 
stitution prohibited slavery. 

Territorial Legislatures. — Thqje were five Territorial Legisla- 
tures. The first met at Pawnee and adjourned to Shawnee Mis- 
sion. The second met at Lecompton. These were both Pro-slavery. 
The third, fourth, and fifth met at Lecompton, and adjourned to 
Lawrence. The last three were Free State. 

The Topeka Government. — The first act of the movement for 
the Topeka Government was the election of delegates to the 
Topeka Constitutional Convention October 1, 1855. The con- 



THE CONSTITUTIONS. 139 

vention met October 23, and completed the constitution Novem- 
ber 11. It was voted on by the people December 15, and a ma- 
jority of votes cast were in its favor. The Pro-slavery party 
did not vote. 

On January 15, 1856, State officers, under the constitution, were 
elected, Charles Eobinson was made governor. On March 4, 
1856, the first session of the Topeka Legislature was held. 

On March 24, 1856, the Topeka Constitution was presented to 
Congress. It failed to pass the Senate. 

On July 4, 1856, the Topeka Legislature was disbanded by 
order of Jefferson Davis and Acting Governor Woodson. In 
January, 1857, the Legislature reassembled, but its officers were 
arrested. 

In January, 1858, the Legislature met and adjourned to 
Lawrence. 

On March 4, 1858, the Legislature met at Topeka, but there 
being no quorum, adjourned. 



THE PERIOD OF STATEHOOD. 



WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE. 

What constitutes a state? 
Not high-raised battlement or labored mound, 

Thick wall or moated gate; 
Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; 

Not bays and broad-armed ports, 
Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. 

No! men, high-minded men. 
With powers as far above dull brutes endued 

In forest, brake, or den. 
As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude, — 

Men who their duties know. 
And know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain, 

Prevent the long-aimed blow. 
And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain; 

These constitute a state; 
And sovereign law, that state's collected will, 

O 'er thrones and globes elate, 
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. 

— Sir William Jones. 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

GOVEENOR EOBINSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1861—1863. 

* ' Of all the states, but three will live in story : 
Old Massachusetts "vvith her Plymouth Rock, 
And Old Virginia with her noble stock, 
And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory. ' ' 

159. The State.— On January 29, 
1861, Dr. Robinson took the oath of 
governor; the "ship of state" was 
launched and Kansas with all her 
thrilling history of the past, all her 
hopes for future years began the life 
of statehood in the great Republic 




Governor Charles Robinson. 



THE FIRST LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE. 

160. Place of Meeting. — The first State Legislature 
met at Topeka, the temporary capital designated by the 
Wyandotte Constitution, on the 26th of March, 1861. 

The infant State possessed no buildings of its own. 
The House assembled in the Ritchie Block, which then 
stood on the southeast corner of Sixth and Kansas. Ave- 
nues, and the Senate in the Gale Block, a short distance 
south. The inconveniences of a leaky roof forced an 
adjournment of the House to the Congregational Church, 
where it concluded its sessions. The Legislature organ- 
ized with Lieutenant-Governor Root as President of the 
Senate, and Honorable W. W. Updegraff as Speaker of 
the House. 

141 



142 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



161. Election of United States Senators. — On the 4th 

of April the Legislature elected the first two United 
States Senators from the State of Kansas. There was but 
one ballot, and there were many changes of votes. James 
H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were chosen. 

162. Legislative Acts. — The Legislature remained in 
session until June. Its most important act was authoriz- 
ing the issue of $15D,000 in bonds to meet the current 
expenses of the State. Its most interesting historical 
act was the adoption of the great seal of the State, ^ for 
which many designs were offered. The most striking 




Seal of Kansas. 



leature of the design chosen is the motto, Ad Astra per 
Aspera, with which every Kansas child is familiar, and 
which was the suggestion of Honorable John James 
Ingalls. 

The main business of the first Legislature of Kansas 

1. The design for a State seal submitted by .Tohn .T. Ingalls con- 
sisted of a blue shield, a cloud at the base, out of which rose a single 
star, toward a constellation of 34 stars. It was symbolic of one state 
coming up out of its strife to join the other 34 states. Above, the Latin 
motto, "Ad astra per aspera," "to the stars through difficulties," was 
very suggestive. The simple unique design of Mr. Ingalls was modified 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 143 

was with war. A company was formed of officers and 
members of the Legislature, which, during the recess, day 
after day, was drilled by a member who had attended a 
military school and knew something of military tactics. 
A bill was passed for the organization of the state militia. 

163. Topeka the Capital. — The Legislature also pro- 
vided for an election to be held on the 5th of November, 
1861, to determine the location of the State capital. 
Topeka received 7,996 votes, Lawrence 5,291, all others 
1,184. Topeka was declared the capital. 

KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAE. 

164. Kansas Patriotism. — The first year of Kansas as 
a State, found her "soul in arms, and eager for the fray." 
It may be said that for the four years that succeeded 
the firing on Fort Sumter, the thought, the occupation, 
the experience of Kansas was war. Everything gave 
place to meeting the responsibilities, and enduring the 
anxieties, sufferings, and losses of war. 

There was never in the course of the struggle a man 
drafted in the State of Kansas, nor was there ever a 
bounty offered either by the State, or any city or county 
in the State. Troops were raised continually as called for 
from the first to the last.- 

165. Kansas Responds to Lincoln's Call. — On the 15th 
of April President Lincoln issued his first call for 75,000 
men. 

and marred by the addition of prairie landscape, buffalo pursued by 
Indian hu.nters, a settler's cabin, 'a river with a steamboat (the most 
un-Kansas like feature of all) and above a rising sun a cluster of 34 
stars. 

2. The United States census of 18G0 gave Kansas 143,643 inhabitants, 
of whom 34,242 were in the vicinity of Pike's Peak. This population 



144 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

On the 22nd of April the Legislature passed an act for 
the organization of the militia. Under the act, Governor 
Eobinson organized 180 companies, divided into two divi- 
sions, four brigades and eleven regiments. On the 17th 
of April, five days after the firing on Sumter, Captain 
Samuel Walker, of Lawrence, tendered Governor Robin- 
son a company of one hundred men. Within a week seven 
military companies had been formed in Douglas county 
alone. 

By the end of the month companies had been formed in 
nearly every county. In the latter days of May the 
organization of the First Kansas Volunteers was begun 
in Leavenworth. On the 3d of June, a party of volunteers 
from the First Kansas crossed the Missouri River from 
Leavenworth to latan, on the Missouri side, and cap- 
tured a Confederate flag. In the affair three men were 
wounded. This was the first Kansas blood shed in the 
Civil War. 

166. Kansas Volunteers Organized. — The volunteer 
organizations sworn into the service of the United States 
were : The First, Second, Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thir- 
teenth, and Seventeenth Infantry, and First and Second 
Colored Infantry. The Second, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, 
Ninth, Eleventh, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth 
Cavalry. The First, Second, and Third Batteries, and 
Independent Colored Battery. 

167. The Frontier Guard.^The Frontier Guard was 
a body of men, who, for fifteen days, from April 18 to 

was greatly diminished by the "drought of 1860." The entire quota 
assigned to Kansas during the Civil War was 16,654 men, and the 
number raised was 20,097 ; thus Kansas furnished a surplus of 3,433 
men. 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 



145 




Samuel 



Greer. 



May 3, 1861, before many troops had reached the City of 
Washington, guarded the White 
House and President Lincoln. The 
Guard was commanded by General 
James H. Lane. Mark W. Delahay, 
D. R. Anthony, Marcus J. Parrott, 
A. C. Wilder, Samuel W. Greer, and 
many other Kansas men belonged 
to it. 

168. The War in Kansas. — Kansas 
was open to attack on the east and 
south, while on the west, the Indians served as a per- 
petual menace. The soldiers of Kansas were called alter- 
nately to repel invasion, and to penetrate the fastnesses 
of the enemy. The war was waged in a wide and almost 
wilderness country; a country of mountains, defiles, tan- 
gled woods and canebrakes, traversed by countless 
streams, rapid and roaring, or deep, winding and slug- 
gish; but, for the most part, without bridges or ferries. 
In the thousands of miles of marching the Kansas sol- 
diers often saw not a rod of smooth and settled highway ; 
they moved by trails, over the hills and far away across 
the prairies, guided by the sun, the distant and random 
gun, the smoke of combat or the vengeful burning. They 
were- far from the region of great and decisive battles, 
of strategic combinations and foreseen results. 

The columns came and went, making forced marches 
for days and nights together; fighting a battle and win- 
ning a dear bought victory, to return whence they came. 
They fought, and marched, and camped in a region that 
was neither North nor South, and so experienced a 



146 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

climate with the evil features of both. They met the 
blinding sleet and snow; were drenched with tropical 
rainstorms, and braved alike the blazing fury of the sun, 
and the bitter malice of the frost. Far from their bases 
of supplies, food and powder must be brought a long, 
toilsome and dangerous way, guarded at every step, 
fought for at every ford and pass. It was a hard and 
desperate warfare. For Kansas, the Civil War was but 
the continuation of the border troubles. Along the border 
the war assumed the character of a vendetta — a war of 
revenge, and over all the wide field a war of combats, of 
ambushes and ambuscades, of swift advances and hurried 
retreats ; of spies and scouts ; of stealth, darkness and 
murder. All along the way men riding solitary were shot 
down; little companies were killed by their camp fires; 
men fighting on both sides neither asked, gave, nor ex- 
pected mercy. 

169. Kansas Troops in Missouri.— The first regiment 
to leave the soil of Kansas was the First Kansas Infantry, 
under command of Colonel George Deitzler, which moved 
from Leavenworth to Kansas City, ..-— ^ . 

Missouri, in June, 1861. The Second, 
under Colonel Robert Mitchell from 
Lawrence followed, and later, both 
regiments became a brigade of the 
army of General Nathaniel Lyon, un- 
der command of Colonel Dietzler. On 
the 10th of August, 1861, this Kansas 
brigade stood in battle array on 

"Bloody Hill," and fought out theG^^^^-al George W. Deltzler. 

engagement of Wilson's Creek, where 1,200 Union soldiers 




STATE CONSTRUCTION. 



147 




General Rob't B. Mitchell. 



were killed. The Second was the last regiment to leave 
the field. 

170. Additional Regiments Raised. — Shortly after the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, it was reported that General 
Price had organized a column for a demonstration against 
Fort Scott. This increased the inter- 
est in the organization of the Third, 
Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Kansas Regi- 
ments, of which, on the day of Wil- 
son's Creek, scarcely a battalion for 
each had been recruited. The com- 
panies in Southern Kansas were or- 
dered to rendezvous at Fort Scott, 
and most of the companies in North- 
ern Kansas were equipped at Fort 
Leavenworth. 

By the middle of August, what came to be known as 
Lane's Kansas Brigade, composed of the Third and 
Fourth Kansas Infantry, the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh 
Kansas Cavalry, numbering in all 2,500 men, was organ- 
ized. To the brigade was attached the First Kansas, 
Battery. 

171. Price Threatens Kansas. — On the 1st of Septem- 
ber, General Price's Confederate advance, under General 
Rains, had reached Drywood, twelve miles south of Fort 
Scott, and a scouting party came in and drove off a herd 
of United States mules, grazing within two miles of the 
post. This piece of audacity led to the advance of a 
Union force, under Colonels Jennison and Johnson, and 
a sharp skirmish at Drywood. After this came various 
movements, including the withdrawal of the Union forces 



148 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

fifom Fort Scott in the direction of the Little Osage, and 
the throwing up of the work known as Fort Lincoln. In 
the midst of the preparations for defense came the intel- 
ligence that General Price had abandoned his proposed 
invasion of Kansas, and had marched in the direction of 
Lexington, Missouri. General Price accomplished his 
march to the Missouri River, and forced the surrender 
of Colonel Mulligan and 2,500 men at Lexington. 

172. The Burning of Osceola. — The Kansas Brigade, 
James Lane in command, operated on the left flank of 
Price's army. Colonel Judson of Lane's army, on the 
23rd of September, attacked Osceola, Missouri, where a 
quantity of supplies had been accumulated for the enemy. 
These, with Osceola, were burned. Upon the advance of 
General Fremont with a large force General Price re- 
treated back to Arkansas. The Kansas Brigade then 
moved to Kansas City. 

173. Service of the Indians. — In the early days of 
1862, more than 6,000 Indians in the Indian Territory 
adhered to the Government of the United States, drew 

together and fought the Indians who 
had joined the Confederacy, and several 
regiments of Texas Cavalry. In the 
dead of winter, in the midst of a driv- 
ing snow-storm, the loyal Indians, with 
their aged chief, Hopoeithleyohola, 
fell back into Kansas. In their camps, 
on Fall River, they suffered greatly 
during the winter, but in the spring 
Colonel w. A. rhiiiips. -j^j^ree mounted regiments were organ- 
ized from these Indians. They were officered from Kan- 




STATE CONSTEUCTION. 



149 



sas regiments, many of the officers being from the Tenth 
Kansas, and later served in an Indian brigade commanded 
by Colonel AVilliam A. Phillips. 

174. Consolidation of Forces.— In March, 1862, the 
Third and Fourth Kansas Infantry, and a portion of the 
Fifth Kansas Cavalry, were consolidated at Paola as the 
Tenth Kansas Infantry. Colonel Montgomery, of the 
Third, was transferred to the Second South Carolina 
Regiment, and Colonel Weer, of the Fourth, assumed the 
command of the new organization. The numbers ' ' Third ' ' 
and ''Fourth" do not again appear in Kansas military 
history. In May, 1862, the First, Seventh and Eighth 
Kansas Regiments left Leavenworth for Corinth, Missis- 
sippi. 

175. The Colored Soldiers. — In November, the First 
Kansas colored regiment was organized at Fort Lincoln. 
Kansas now had soldiers white, red and black. 

176. Kansas Troops in Arkansas. — On the 5th of De- 
cember, 1862, General James G. Blunt joined his force to 
the already battling army of General Herron, and fought 
till the sun went down in the battle of 
Prairie Grove, Arkansas. On this 
field were gathered the largest num- 
ber of Kansas troops, up to that time 
ever drawn together. 

177. The Second State Election.— 
In November, 1862, the second State 
election in Kansas occurred. Thomas 
Carney, Republican, was chosen Gov- 
ernor, and A. Carter Wilder Repre- 
sentative in Congress. The Democratic Party made no 




ter Wilder. 



150 ~ HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

nomination for governor. The Republican Union Party 

had nominated W. R. Wagstaff. 

> 

Eeview Questions. — Why is Kansas Day a day of special sig- 
nificance, not only in the State but also in the nation? — Where and 
when did the Eirst Legislature meet? — Who were our first United 
States senators? — When and how was Topeka made the capital? — 
Describe the seal. — What is the meaning of ''Ad astra per aspera"? 
— How did the people of Kansas reveal their patriotism at the open- 
ing of the Civil War? — What remarkable statement is made as to 
volunteer service? — What was the Frontier Guard? — Give the charac- 
teristics of the War in Kansas. — In what famous battle in Missouri 
did the Kansas troops engage? — How did General Price threaten 
Kansas? — Some people consider the burning of Osceola an atrocious 
deed, do you? — How did the Indian and colored soldiers serve in the 
War? 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



GOVEENOR CARNEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1863—1865. 

178. The Legislatures of 1863 and 1864.— In the midst 
of war's alarms, Kansas began the founding of her great 
educational system. The Legislature of 1863 made itself 
memorable by its remarkable work 
for education. The University which 
Amos A. Lawrence in 1856 had pro- 
moted was made a State University. 
The State JNormal School for the in- 
struction of teachers, was established 
at Emporia. This was the first state 
institution of its kind in the United 
States and shows an advance position 

in educational thinking. The State Governor Thomas Carney. 

Agricultural College was founded in Riley County, the 
state receiving the land of Blumont College, near Man- 
hattan. Its purpose is to teach such branches of learning 
as relate to agricultural and mechanical arts. Other 
scientific and classical studies are included in the curric- 
ulum ; and military tactics is a requirement. 

This legislature also incorporated the Atchison, Topeka 
and Santa Fe Railroad Company, located the first State 
Insane Asylum at Osawatomie and provided for the build- 
ing of a penitentiary at Lansing. The Legislature of 1864 

151 




152 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

located the State Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe, and 
the Blind Asylum at Wyandotte, and organized the State 
University and the State Normal School. 

179.. Kansas Troops in Indian Territory. — In 1863, the 
Kansas fighting was transferred to the Indian Territory. 
Colonel William A. Phillips with his Indians fought Col- 
onel Coffey at Fort Gibson, now Fort Blunt. Colonel 
James M. Williams, with the First Kansas, colored, 800 
strong, and 300 Indians, defeated General Stand Watie 
at Cabin Creek. 

QUANTRILL'S EAID. 

180. Kansas' Position. — Kansas, during the war, was 
exposed to three species of invasion and calamity: first, 
to the hostile approach of the regular forces of the Con- 
federacy; second, to the raid§ of Indians; and, third, to 
the attacks of guerrillas, irregular troops, the scourge 
and curse of war. These predatory rangers, whose occu- 
pation was robbery, and whose pastime was murder, kept 
the country in terror. The places chosen were those with- 
out defences or garrison, where it was possible to plun- 
der and kill with comparative safety. The most appalling 
of these disasters was Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, on 
the morning of the 21st of August, 1863. 

181. The Attack a Surprise. — It is remarkable that 
Lawrence, a town which had served as a rendezvous for 
troops through the war, should, on that morning, have 
had at hand no single armed military organization for its 
defense, and that an attacking force of between 300 and 
400 men should have ridden through forty miles of set- 
tled country from the Missouri border, without a single 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 153 

I. 
messenger reaching the doomed place with word of warn- 
ing. At one point a Federal force was passed by the 
guerrillas, their character made out, and word was sent 
to Kansas City, but not to Lawrence. It was five o'clock 
in the still, summer morning when drowsy Lawrence was 
wakened by vengeful yells, the crash of revolvers, and the 
pattering hoofs of horses. There was no defence. There 
were no defenders. The soldiers in the town were but a 
small body of recruits who were in camp, but had not 
yet received arms. These were destroyed by what might 
be called a single volley. The militia company of the 
place had stored their arms in their armory, and could not 
reach them. 

182. The Massacre. — There was first the hurried 
charge, the guerrillas firing on whoever they saw as they 
rode past, and afterward the deliberate and painstaking 
massacre, house by house, and man by man, which lasted 
for four hours. As is often the case in seasons of terror, 
the women displayed the highest courage, struggling with 
their bare hands to save their homes from the flames, 
their sons and husbands from the swarming murderers. 
The town was robbed and burned, the black smoke rising 
in a great cloud in the still air. The Eldridge House, 
the successor of the old Free State Hotel, burned in 1856, 
was specially devoted to the flames. The safeguard given 
the guests and inmates of this hotel by Quantrill himself, 
was the one ray of mercy that illumined the darkness of 
the time. These were protected while he remained in the 
town. 

The guerrillas, loaded with plunder, left unmolested. 
They avoided places that looked defensible, and a few 



154 



HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 



Union soldiers on the north side of the river, firing across 
the stream, kept the neighborhood near the river bank 
cleared of enemies. There was no seeking for a combat. 
Those who were killed were non-combatants who died 
without an opportunity for defense. As the enemy drew 
off, General Lane and Lieutenant John K. Rankin gath- 
ered a handful of men, only sufficient in force to keep 
the enemy moving, and started in pursuit. 




Eldridge House Ruins. 

183. Estimate of the Killed. — To this day the count of 
the dead and wounded on that fatal day varies. Mr. 
Speer estimates that 183 men and boys were killed. Dr. 
Cordley says: ^'The number killed can never be exactly 
known. As nearly as can be ascertained there were 142. 
This included the missing two or three who never re- 
turned. A few of the wounded died later, and possibly 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 155 

some were killed who were never heard of. One hun- 
dred and fifty would not be far out of the way for the 
whole number. It is estimated that the raid made eighty 
widows and 250 orphans."^ 

The inscription on the citizens' memorial monument, 
raised in 1895 in Oak Hill cemetery, reads: "Dedicated 
to the memory of the 150 citizens, who, defenceless, fell 
victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas, led 
by the infamous Quantrill in his raid upon Lawrence, 
August 21, 1863." 

184. The Burial. — Nearly a week was filled with the 
gathering up and burial of the dead. Fifty-three bodies 
were laid in one trench. 

On the Sunday following the massacre, there was held 
in the old stone Congregational Church a service by the 
pastor. Rev. Dr. Cordley, and Rev. G. C. Morse of Em- 
poria, whose brother-in-law. Judge Carpenter, was among 
the slain. There was no sermon, but instead there was 
read the 79th Psalm: "0 God, the heathen are come into 
their inheritance. They have laid Jerusalem in heaps. 
The dead bodies of thy servants have they given to be 
meat unto the fowls of the heaven, and the flesh of thy 
saints unto the beasts of the earth. Their blood have 
they shed like water round about Jerusalem, and there 
was none to bury them." 

185. Loss and Help. — The aggregate loss of property 

1. The first schoolmaster, who taught the Free State and Pro-slavery 
parents' children alike, and never spoke of politics in his school, Edward 
Fitch, was wantonly murdered in his home and his house set on fire. 
The wife succeeded in dragging the body from the flames. They cursed 
her, and threw it back and it was consumed. One of them discovered 
her looking at her husband's photograph, with her three children around 
her. He grabbed it and cast it into the fire. Nobody could conceive a 
cause for this cruelty till the mother said : "My little child had gotten 
a toy American flag, and had climbed upon the shed and placed it there." 



156 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



estimate as 




Geu. James G. Blunt. 



would be hard to reach. ''As careful an 
could be made," say the early and late 
historians, ''was about $1,500,000." 
To the stricken city and its people, 
Kansas, though war-scourged and poor, 
displayed the utmost generosity, and 
help came from far and near. 

186. Massacre of General Blunt 's 
Staff. — On October 6, 1863, the massa- 
cre of General Blunt 's staff near Bax- 
ter Springs occurred. He had been on 
business in Kansas and was returning with a small cav- 
alry escort to Fort Smith, when he was attacked by 
Quantrill with 600 guerrillas. Eighty of his party, with 
several civilians, were killed. General Blunt, rallying 
some fifteen of his guard, held off the foe and escaped. 
The guerrillas attacked a small post near by, called Fort 
Blair, but were beaten off with loss. 

PRICE IS RAID IN MISSOURI. 

187. The Confederate Situation.— In 1864 the Confed- 
erate situation in Louisiana, the Indian Territory and 
Arkansas became temporarily improved. The Confed- 
erate armies were strengthened in arms, clothing, and 
even artillery, by captures made in the campaigns men- 
tioned. General Sterling Price was reported to have 
10,000 veteran troops in a good state of equipment, and 
his ranks were nearly doubled in numbers by a severe 
conscription in Arkansas. 

188. The Union Situation. — During the summer of 
1864, the Union forces in Arkansas were principally con- 



STATE CONSTKUCTION. 



157 



centrated in Little Rock and Fort Smith. In September, 
when the rumors of a move northward on the part of 
General Price began to thicken, the forces available for 
the defense of western Missouri and Kansas were scat- 
tered. General Curtis had taken the field against the 
Indians, and was operating from Fort Kearney, General 
Blunt had assumed command of the district of Upper 
Arkansas, and was in pursuit of the Indians beyond Fort 
Larned. 

Major-General Sykes, U. S. A., was in command at 
Lawrence of a small and scattered force of Kansas troops 
which was charged with the duty of keeping up communi- 
cations and supplies with Forts Gibson and Smith, and 
the forces in southeastern Kansas. 



V 


MISSOURI 


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JEfTRSONClTY«^ 


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Osceolp* '^ ,. 


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Map of Price Campaigu. 



158 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



189. General Price Moves Northward. — General Price 
crossed the Arkansas at Dardanelle, between Little 
Eock and Fort Smith. His army was divided into three 
divisions commanded by Generals Fagan, Marmaduke, 
and Shelby. Among the generals of brigade and colonels 
were nearly all the surviving officers who had fought 
west of the Mississippi and north of Louisiana from 1861 
to 1864. The number of the Confederates at the crossing 
of the Arkansas was estimated at 18,000 men. 

190. Union Supplies Captured.— On the 12th of Sep- 
tember the escort of a large supply train consisting of 
610 cavalry and infantry, White and Indian, commanded 
by Major Henry Hopkins, was attacked at Cabin Creek, 
Cherokee Nation, by 2,500 of the enemy under General 
Gano, of General Price's command, and the train cap- 
tured and burned. It was a very serious loss. 

191. Defense of St. Louis. — In the meantime. General 
Rosecrans, commanding at St. Louis, seemed uncertain as 
to the strength and direction of the enemy's movement. 
But there was no longer room for doubt after the 24th 

of September, and General Thomas 
Ewing proceeded to Pilot Knob, 
where he was attacked, on the 27th 
of September, by Price's army. Gen- 
eral Ewing made a steady defense, 
but finally blew up his- magazine at 
Pilot Knob, and fell back. From this 
time Kansas names begin to figure in 
the history. 

General Thos. Ewing. rpj^^ ^^^^ guard of the little COlumU 

was placed under command of Major "Williams, of the 




STATE CONSTRUCTION. 159 

Tenth Kansas. The pursuing column was checked from 
time to time, and at last General Ewing reached Rolla, 
where the infantry of his force remained in garrison, 
and the cavalry marched with General McNeil to Jeffer- 
son City. It is believed that General Ewing's resistance 
saved St. Louis. 

192. Concentration of Forces. — On the 2d of October 
General Rosecrans reported to General Curtis that Price 
was moving westward, and the concentration of Kansas 
militia began at Olathe. A force of 6,000 men was col- 
lected at Jefferson City, of which 4,000 were cavalry, 
composing the Provisional Cavalry Division under Gen- 
eral Alfred Pleasonton. 

193. Call for Volunteers.— On the 8th of October, Gov- 
ernor Carney issued his proclamation calling out the 
"men of Kansas," and announcing Major-General Deitz- 
ler as commander-in-chief. 

194. The Response. — The response of the "men of 
Kansas" was immediate. Says Adjutant-General HoUi- 
day in his report: "Never was appeal for help answered 
so promptly. In most instances, on the next day, or the 
second, after the receipt of the proclamation at regimental 
headquarters, the regiment itself in full force was on the 
march for the rendezvous." 

The whole number of Kansas militia who appeared for 
active service exceeded 16,000 men. Many of the officers 
sC'rving in the militia had seen service in the volunteers. 

195. Battle of Lexington. — On the receipt of the news 
that Price had passed Jefferson City and occupied Lex- 
ington, General Blunt relieved General Sykes at Olathe. 
General Blunt moved to Lexington with two brigades of 



160 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

cavalry. Early on his arrival he inspected the position 
with his aides, General James H. Lane and Lientenant- 
Colonel Burris. On the approach of Frieze's advance the 
fight was opened by a portion of the Fifteenth Kansas 
under Lieutenant-Colonel Hoyt. As his troDps fell back 
before the overwhelming mass of the enemy, the move- 
ment was covered by a column of Kansas regiments. 
When this column was flanked by the enemy, it would 
fall back and form another line, thus keeping up a fight 
for six miles, 2,000 against 28,000. In the darkness the 
command fell back toward Independence, bivouacking a 
few miles from the Little Blue. At sunrise. Colonel Moon- 
light was left to defend the bridge at the Little Blue while 
possible, and the rest of the division fell back to Inde- 
pendence. 

196. Battle of the Little Blue. — In the morning the 
battle of the Little Blue^ began. Colonel Moonlight with 
600 men was on the grounds. He was joined by Colorado 
regiments and the Fourth, Twelfth, and Nineteenth Kan- 
sas Militia. They fought valiantly until the order came, 
''Fire the bridge and fall back." They obeyed, fighting 
the enemy 28,000 strong, which came swarming through 
the shallow water as they retreated. General Blunt came 
on the field and formed a new line, which contained no 
more than 2,500 men. Then there was fighting, eight 
hours of it in all, and our little army fell back to Inde- 
pendence. There were 600 men to begin, and 2,500 to 
close, with a loss of about 200. 

197. Battle of the Big^ Blue. — The entire force under 

2. The names Little Blue, Bis; Blue and Independence must not be 
misapplied to Kansas locations. This fighting was all done in Missouri. 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 



161 




General Curtis rested on the west bank of the Big Blue, 
on the road leading from Independence to Kansas City. 
during the night of October 21, 1864. The transportation 
was sent back to Kansas City, where as at Wyandotte, 
guns were fired during the night to warn the militia. 
Before all who camped that night 
along the winding stream, there lay 
a troubled day. 

The Big Blue may be crossed only 
•at fords, and the battle of the 21st 
consisted largely of the attack and 
defense of these fords. The point that 
became most famous during the day 
was Byron's ford. Here the enemy, 

after a heavy fight, succeeded in crOSS-^olonel James Montgomery. 

ing, and the Union forces were crowded back toward 
Westport, but in turn the Confederates were themselves 
pressed back. At sundown the Union troops retired to 
AVestport. 

The tragedy of the day was the overwhelming of the 
Second Kansas State Militia under Colonel Veale, sup- 
porting a single gun at the Macabee farm. The des- 
perate fight around the gun resulted in a loss to the bat- 
talion of thirty killed, fifty wounded and 102 captured. 
The command was from Shawnee county. 

198. Movements Before Westport. — At four o'clock 
on Saturday evening, the 22d, the left and centre of the 
Union army fell back to Kansas City, and were placed 
in the intrenehments there. General Curtis faced the 
foe with his volunteers in Westport and his militia in 



162 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



Kansas City. The Confederate line ran along the Blue 
from Byron's ford to beyond Russell's ford. 

General Pleasonton, from Jefferson City, followed after 
Price's army, and attacking the enemy's rear division, 
occupied Independence. Three brigades — Sanborn's, 
Brown's, and Winslow's — took the road to Byron's Ford; 
McNeil with another brigade moved to Hickman's Mill, 
and 10,000 infantry under Major-General Smith moved 
from Lexington to Independence. 

199. Battle of Westport.— At five o'clock on the fate- 
ful Sunday morning, the Kansas State Militia moved out 
of the intrenchments with the Ninth Wisconsin Battery 
and the Kansas Colored Battery. Soon the battle was 
resumed. There were charges and countercharges ; in 
some instances hand-to-hand combats ; 
fights stubborn behind stone walls, 
and fights rapid to carry them, the 
artillery everywhere firing from every 
point of vantage, the guns sometimes 
in danger and saved by a rush, and 
finally a general movement forward. 
Eighteen brass Parrott guns and thir- 
teen howitzers opened at once on the 
opposing lines. The enemy began to coionei Thos. Moonlight, 
waver and fall back. Cheer upon cheer rose from the 
Union lines. The militia poured into the field, and the 
open prairie was reached when a heavy column of cav- 
alry emerged from the timber, and Pleasonton 's charge 
was on. 

200. Retreat of General Price.— Price's army, fighting 
all the while, began its retreat southward, followed by 




STATE CONSTEUCTION. 163 

10,000 Union men, while Colonel Moonlight, with another 
division, marched along the border, interposing as far 
as possible between the enemy and the State. ^ 

201. Price in Kansas. — The retreating army, however, 
crowded into Kansas, entering in Linn County. The 
pursuit became closer. There' were combats at Trading 
Post Ford and at the Mounds. On the 25th of October 
the decisive battle of Mine Creek was fought on Kansas 
soil, where 800 prisoners and nine guns were captured, 
and many officers of high rank, including Generals Mar- 
maduke and Cabell, fell into the hands of the Union men. 

202. Defeat of Price at Newtonia.— From the fields of 
Mine Creek and the Little Osage, the enemy was pressed 
with such vigor as to force it to abandon the intention of 
attacking Fort Scott. Price w^as followed back into Mis- 
souri and finally defeated at Newtonia, where the pris- 
oners of the Second Kansas Militia, taken at the Little 
Blue, were paroled and rejoined their friends.* 

203. Farewell of General Curtis. — From the head- 
quarters of the Army of the Border, Camp Arkansas, on 
the 8th of November, 1864, General Curtis issued his con- 
gratulatory order, saying: "In parting, the General ten- 
ders, his thanks to the officers and soldiers for their 
generous support and prompt obedience to orders, and to 
his staff for their unceasing efforts to share the toil inci- 
dent to the campaign. The pursuit of Price in 1864, and 

3. Many of the Kansas Patriots who gave their lives for the saving 
of the nation were interred in the city cemetery at Topelsa. A stately 
monument has been reared to mark their resting place by their comrade, 
G. G. Gage. 

4. Teacher should take a United States map and point out the places 
where the Kansas troops served. 



164 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

the battles of Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, Westport, 
Marais des Cygnes, and Newtonia, will be borne on the 
banners of the regiments who shared in them; and the 
States of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Illinois, In- 
diana, Wisconsin, and Arkansas, may glory in the achieve- 
ment of their sons in this short but eventful campaign." 




Kansas at Chlckamauga. — Viniard's Place. 

204. Service of Kansas Volunteers. — With the closing 
of the "Price raid" campaign, ended, generally, the fight- 
ing days of the Kansas regiments. In the course of the 
four years' war, these commands saw service over a wide 
area. The First Kansas took part in the siege of Vicks- 
burg, and served in Louisiana. The Seventh Cavalry 
took part in the operations about Corinth, Miss., in west- 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 



165 




'Mother Bicker dyke.' 



em Tennessee and northern Mississippi. The Eighth In- 
fantry fought at Perryville, Ky., 
Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge, 
marched east to Atlanta, and back 
again to Nashville, participated in 
the great battle of December, 1864, 
and saw its last active service in 
Texas. The Tenth Infantry took 
•part in the battle of Nashville, the 
siege of Mobile, and the assault on 
Fort Blakely, and was mustered out 
at Montgomery, Ala. The Eleventh 
Cavalry carried its guidons to far Wyoming, 1,000 miles 
from Fort Leavenworth. The First Kansas Battery was 
ordered to Indiana to check the famous "Morgan raid." 
Subsequently it served with the armies of Tennessee and 
Mississippi. The detachment from the Second Kansas 
Cavalry, known as Hollister's and Hopkins' battery, 
served in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The 
other commands as well as these did their work in Kan- 
sas, Missouri, Colorado, Arkansas, and the Indian Ter- 
ritory. ° 

205. Kansas Officers Commissioned. — The following 
general officers from Kansas were commissioned by Presi- 
dent Lincoln during the war: Major-General James G. 
Blunt, Brigadier-Generals Robert B. Mitchell, Albert L. 

5. On the map of the State are preserved, in the names of counties, 
the names of Kansas soldiers — Mitchell, Cloud, Trego, Norton, Clark, 
Harper, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Stafford, Cowley, Graham, Jewell, Osborne, 
Ellis, Gove, Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman. Governors Crawford and Harvey, 
whose names are borne by counties, were officers in Kansas regiments. 
Alfred Gray and Dudley Haskell saw service with Kansas troops. 

Among the men and women who have brought honor to the State is 
Mary A. Bickerdyke, better known as "Mother" Bickerdyke, who died at 



166 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



Lee, George "W. Deitzler, Thomas Ewing, Jr., Powell 
Clayton. 

Colonel Cloud was commissioned as Major-General of 
the State Militia by Governor Crawford. 

206. Records of the State. — The record of the two 
wars in which Kaisas was so early in her history engaged 
— the warfare forced on her people to 
make the State free and the war for 
the preservation of the Union — has 
been well kept. Through the exer- 
tions of the State Historical Society, 
which has known through nearly all 
its history but two secretaries, Judge 
Franklin G. Adams and George W. 
Martin, there has been gathered a 
great store of public reports, private r-rankiin g. Adams, 
letters, journals written by soldiers by the camp-fire's 
light or amid the echoes of battle, and the "bruised 
arms" used in many a savage fray. In these collections 
is illustrated all the story of Kansas from the earliest 
time. Here are the rude implements and weapons of 
the Indians ; the stained and worn manuscript journals 
of the missionary, who strove for the Indian's welfare; 
the maps and charts of the early explorers ; the account 
books of the fur traders ; the evidences of the first hard 
life of the pioneers, the advanced guard, showing in out- 



Bunker Hill, Kansas, November 8, 1901. In the beginning of the great 
rebellion she was one of the first to comprehend that "war means sick- 
ness." For four years, first without orders, and later under commission, 
she cared for thousands of the brave boys in blue. After the war 
Mother Bickerdyke helped to settle Kansas with ex-soldiers of the Union 
Army and their families. The Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers' 
widows is a beautiful monument to this great souled woman. 











Missionary Kidge. 



168 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

ward and visible signs the road followed to a finished 
and intense civilization.^ 

207. The State's Colors.— In the care of the State itself 
the flags of the Kansas regiments and batteries are pre- 
served. The battle flags of the Kansas regiments and 
batteries were formally presented to Xjovernor Crawford, 
at a soldiers' celebration held at Topeka on the 4th of 
July, 1866, and have since remained in the care of the 
State. 

INDUSTEIAL AFFAIES. 

208. The Homestead Law.— An event having a most 
important bearing on the life and prosperity of Kansas 
was the passage of the Homestead Law. The bill had 
been introduced in the House by Mr. Grow, of Pennsyl- 
vania. It had once been vetoed by President Buchanan. 
It was signed by President Lincoln, and took effect on 
the 1st of January, 1863. Within ten years thereafter 
twenty-six millions of acres of the public lands were 
entered by homestead settlers. 

The law, in substance, gave a title from the United 
States to the actual settler who held the 160 acres for five 
years. The Homestead Law was an answer to those who 

demanded "land for the landless," and who sang: "Uncle 

\ 

6. In August, 1890, Congress made lawful the purchase of 7,600 acres 
of land in Tennessee and Georgia to be known and preserved as the 
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. By the same act 
it was made lawful for "States having troops engaged in the battles upon 
these grounds to suitably mark their location by tablets or monuments. 
The Legislature of 1895 gave power to (iovernor Morrill to appoint a 
commission of Kansas soldiers to control the placing of monuments to 
the memory of the Kansas boys in blue who fought in these memorable 
battle fields. As a result of the work of this commission three beautiful 
memorials were erected. They were unveiled on the 20th of September. 
1895. One is a monument on Mission Ridge at Chattanooga, one a 
granite boulder tablet on Orchard Knob, and the third a monument at 
Viniard's I'lace, Chickamauga. 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 169 

Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm." At the close 
of the Civil War the law was so amended that the home- 
steader might deduct from the five years' residence re- 
quired by the law, the time passed by him in the military 
or naval service of his country. With the close of the 
war, a great ex-soldier immigration poured into Kansas. 

209. Grant to A. T. & S. F. Railroad.— The policy of 
subsidizing the railroads in lands and bonds by the gen- 
eral Government was diligently labored for by Kansas 
men at Washington. In 1863, Congress made to the 
State of Kansas a grant of .land, giving alternate sections, 
for ten miles in width, amounting to 6,400 acres per mile, 
on either s\de of a proposed line running from Atchison 
via Topeka to some point on the southern or western 
boundary of the State in the direction of Santa Fe, with 
a branch from some point on the southern line of Kansas 
to the City of Mexico. This grant, the State of Kansas 
transferred to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad 
Company, February, 1864. It amounted to some 3,000,000 
acres of land. 

210. Grant to the Union Pacific Railroad.— The East- 
ern Division of the Union Pacifi'C, on which work was 
begun on the State line of Kansas and IMissouri in No- 
vember, 1863, eventually received a grant of alternate 
sections, twenty miles in width, and amounting to 12,800 
acres to the mile. The grant extended 394 miles west 
from the Missouri River, and amounted to some 6,000,000 
acres. Other lines extending through Kansas received 
subsidies, but these two, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 



170 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Fe and the Union Pacific Eastern Division, later called 
the Kansas Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, 
were the largest grantees of land. Besides these grants 
the railroads acquired large tracts of Indian lands. 

211. Results. — The organized counties voted large 
amounts of bonds to the roads, and the progress of the 
roads for a time wsls the progress of the State. The 
grants of land facilitated the building of the roads, and 
in Kansas the railroads preceded instead of following the 
settlement, greatly accelerating the old process of filling 
a country with a wagon immigration. The land grant 
companies sold their lands at low rates, and on long 
time, and the alternate sections reserved by the Govern- 
ment were sold at $2.50 an acre, while beyond the "rail- 
road limit," the homesteader pushed in everywhere. 

The United States land offices which, in the territorial 
days, were located along the line of the Missouri river, 
were moved westward from time to time to accommo- 
date the host of claim seekers, who, in some instances, 
remained about the offices the entire night to await their 
opening in the morning. 

212. Election of 1864.— On November 8, 1864, the gen- 
eral election in Kansas resulted in the choice of Samuel 
J. Crawford, Kepublican, for Governor. The Democratic 
Party had no ticket in the field. Solon O. Thacher was 
the candidate on the Republican Union ticket. Abraham 
Lincoln received the first vote of Kansas for President 
of the United States. 

Eeview Ouestions. — Why are the enactments of the Tiegislatures 
of '63 and '64 memorable? — Tell of Quantrill's raid. — .Describe the 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 



171 



Union and Confederate situation of 1864. — Give the Price campaign 
through Missouri. — What battles were fought in Kansas? — Where was 
the final defeat of Price's army? — Name the most noted battles of 
the Civil War in which Kansas soldiers took part. — Where are the 
records and colors of the State kept? — Describe the records. — When 
you go to Topeka, look for the colors in the historical rooms. — What 
was the Homestead Law? — Tell of the grants niade to the Santa Fe 
and to the Union Pacific Eailroads. — What were the results of the 
grants? 




Stone Dugout, Osborne, Kansas. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



213. 



GOVEENOR CRAWFOED'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1865—1869. 

The Legislature of 1865. — James H. Lane was re- 




Guveiiioi Samuel J. 
Crawford. 



elected United States Senator by the Legislature of 1865. 

214. The Soldiers' Home-Coming. — At the close of 
the war the troops came marching 
home from far and near. On April 
8, 1865, a great jubilee was held at 
Leavenworth, celebrating the Union 
victories and the close of the war. 

215. The Homesteader. — The 
homesteader has been styled the "Pil- 
grim Father" of Kansas. He left the 
great highways of travel and sought 
the vast, open country. From the 
thin line of timber skirting the stream, he might gather 
a few logs to build his cabin, but more often he shaped 
his habitation in or of the earth itself, a dugout or a 
sodhouse, the walls built up of strips of prairie sod turned 
over by the plow, the roof covered with marl, or natural 
lime, as it was called, from the bottom of the prairie draw. 
Here, with his wife and children, lived in the first hard 
years the homesteader, under the vast sky, girt about 
by an immense and remote horizon. 

They were often miles from any house, theirs, as far 

172 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 



173 



as eye could see, the only habitation. The stillness of 
the prairie was broken only by the swish of the prairie 
grass, with now and then the trill of the meadow lark, 
the croon of the prairie chicken, or the call of the wild 
water fowl in its flight across the boundless expanse of 
sky. 




Sod Schoolhouse, Osborne Coanty, Kansas. 

At first the buffalo^ in their migrations passed in vast 
herds, a<nd the stragglers wandered near the settler's 
door; or the blanket Indian came to barter or to beg, 
stopping in front of the prairie cabin and summoning 
the inmates with the single salutation, ''How." 

1. When there was nothing left of the buffalo save their bleaching 
bones, the settler gathered these up and hauled them to the distant 
railroad station, where they accumulated in great white piles. Thus he 
added to his slender store of ready money. From Hays City, in May, 
1875, the shipments of bones amounted to twenty tons a day. They were 
shipped east for fertilizing and other purposes. 



174 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

The toil of the early years yielded small return ; often 
the brown face of the settler searched the sky in vain 
for a sign of rain to freshen the ground for the fainting 
corn; and in the autumn, after the scorching sun had 
turned the prairies to bronze, the prairie fire swept in 
lurid flame, and the settler and the mother of his children 



Buffalo. 

went out to "back fire" that they might save the home 
and few belongings from the ruthless destroyer. 

To secure supplies and obtain news of the world be- 
yond, the settler would take his team and go to the 
trading post miles away, to be gone for days, while the 
mother cared for her children alone but unafraid in the 
prairie vastness. 

Thus, in sun and shower, in drought and storm lived 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 175 

the" early pioneer and began the development of that 
civilization of which Kansas has a right to be proud. 
'^ 216. The Indian. — While the Kansas frontiersman was 
thus holding the picket line of civilization, he was exposed 
for years to the incursions of a ruthless enemy, who came 
and went with the uncertainty of the wind — the Indian. 
The Civil "War had not ended before the State was en- 
dangered by the incursions of the savages. The Indians, 
in 1864, had become so formidable that Generals Curtis 
and Blunt had planned a campaign against them, but were 
recalled from it to meet the advancing Confederates of 
General Price. 

217. Indian Raids.— In 1865 and 1866 the Indians 
came along the northwestern valleys and murdered set- 
tlers on White Rock Creek in Republic County and at 
Lake Sibley in Cloud County, in the northern part of 
the state. These outrages were followed by an Indian 
raid in the Solomon valley. The building of the Union 
Pacific through Kansas, in 1867, excited the savages. The 
entire plains country seemed full of their war parties. 
They attacked settlers in the Republican, Smoky Hill, 
and Solomon valleys, and raided in Marion, Butler, and 
Greenwood counties. In June of 1867, the Cheyennes, 
Arapahoes, and Kiowas united to drive back the frontier 
line of settlement and to close communications across the 
plains. 

Lieutenant-General Sherman called on Governor Craw- 
ford for a battalion of volunteer cavalry, and in obedi- 
ence to the Governor's proclamation, the Eighteenth Kan- 
sas Battalion of 358 men, commanded by Colonel H. L. 
Moore, took the field. Colonel Moore met and defeated 



176 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

the Indians and drove them toward the headwaters of 
the Republican. While the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kio- 
was, Sioux, and Comanches were operating in the north- 
west, bands of Osages, Wichitas and others were raiding 
in the southern and western portions of the State, neces- 
sitating the stationing of troops at Fort Larned and other 
points. 

218. The Treaty of 1867.— On the 28th of October, 
1867, Generals Sherman and Sanborn, and Commissioner- 
of-Indian-affairs Taylor made a treaty with the Chey- 
ennes and Arapahoes at Medicine Lodge Creek, which 
provided that these Indians should remove to a reserva- 
tion in the Indian Territory. As a conciliatory measure 
the Indians were given the privilege of hunting in Kansas 
and were furnished with arms by the government. The 
measure proved very disastrous to the settlers. 

219. The Treaty Broken. — As soon as they were ready 
in the spring, the Indians broke the treaty, a body of 
500 Cheyennes penetrating the State nearly to Council 
Grove, Morris county, murdering and robbing as they 
went. At the very time, in August, when the Indians 
were drawing arms at Fort Larned, a party of Cheyennes 
was murdering men, women and children in Ottawa, 
Mitchell and Republic counties. 

220. Governor Crawford to the Rescue. — On hearing 
of the raid, Governor Crawford went by special train to 
Salina, placed himself at the head of a company of volun- 
teers, and followed the trail of the Indians. It was found 
that forty persons had been killed, numberless outrages 
committed, and that for sixty miles the settlements had 
been destroyed and the country laid waste. On his return 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 177 

to Topeka, he sent a dispatch to the President: "The 
savage devils have become intolerable, and must and shall 
be driven out of the State." He offered to furnish all 
the volunteers necessary to insure a permanent and last- 
ing peace. In reply, General Sheridan, at Fort Harker, 
gave assurances that the line of settlement should be pro- 
tected and garrisoned with infantry, while a regular cav- 
alry force should scout the exposed country. Governor 
Crawford, however, called for a force of five companies 
of cavalry from the militia of the State, each man to 
furnish arms and accoutrements, and be furnished with 
rations by General Sheridan. The companies were sta- 
tioned at exposed points from the Nebraska line to 
Wichita, relieving a regular force to operate against the 
Indians. General Sully went south of the Arkansas with 
nine companies of cavalry, and taught the Cheyennes and 
Arapahoes some useful lessons. 

221. Governor Crawford and the Nineteenth. — Con- 
vinced tliat the Kiowas and Comanches were determined 
to keep up the fight. General Sherman called on the Gov- 
ernor for a full regiment of volunteer cavalry. Governor 
Crawford issued his proclamation on the 10th of October, 
1868, and on the 20th of October, ten days later, the regi- 
ment of 1,200 men was mustered into the service at To- 
peka. - The regiment was called the Nineteenth Kansas 
Volunteer Cavalry. Gallant Governor Crawford resigned 
the governorship of the state on November 4, 1868, to 
assume the command of the Nineteenth. 

The regiment left Topeka on the 5th of November, and 
on the 28th joined General Sheridan on the North Cana- 
dian, but at one o'clock on the morning of the 27th of 



178 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

November, General Custer had charged into Black 
Kettle's village on the Washita, killed 103 warriors, and 
captured fifty-one lodges and many horses and mules. 
The Indians fell back, and, on the 24th of December, sur- 
rendered. The Nineteenth moved to Fort Hays in March, 
having kept the open field all through the severe v^inter, 
and in April was mustered out. This was the last call on 
Kansas for so large a force as a regiment to repel or 
pursue Indians. 

222. Battle of Beecher Island on the Arickaree. — The 
Indian wars on the plains terminated with the Battle of 
Beecher Island, September, 1868. Scouts reported to 
General Sherman that a small band of Indians not to 
exceed 200 in number were entering northwestern Kan- 
sas. General Sherman selected fifty experienced Indian 
fighters and placed Colonel Forsythe of his own staff in 
command. On September 10 the troops left Ft. Wallace. 
At Ft. Sheridan they struck the trail of the Indians, and 
following it soon came to a deserted Indian village, where 
at least 600 lodges had stood. This discovery did not 
dishearten the brave fifty; they pressed qn fearlessly. 
The camp for the night was made opposite a sandy island 
on the north bank of the Arickaree,^ which at that season 
of the year contained no water. Just as day began to 
dawn the Indian alarm was given. In an instant Colonel 
Forsythe 's command was in battle form. The valley re- 
sounded with the yells of a thousand savages. Stripped 
of their blankets and hideously painted, they rode down 
the hills like demons. The chiefs, conspicuous in their 

2. The Arickaree monument is in Colorado, five or six miles west of 
the Kansas line, in Yuma County. Kansas paid for half of the monu- 
ment, because all the men engaged were Kansas settlers. Colorado paid 
the balance. 



STATE CONSTRUCTION. 179 

war bonnets, led the tumultuous onslaught. Colonel For- 
sythe gave the order, "Reach the island and hitch the 
horses." They were none too soon, for the savages were 
upon them. Fire ! Fire ! rang out along the line as the 
men dropped behind the sand ridges. The answering roar 
of the muskets drowned the savage yell ; painted warriors 
reeled and fell from the plunging ponies; still the Indians 
came on in savage fury. Volley after volley smote them; 
the dead and dying strewed the sand. Suddenly, like 
the sweep of a tempest, the savages turned and fled, 
leaning from their ponies to gather up their fallen as 
they rode away. 

The Indians, led by the noted chief Roman Nose, made 
another attack at 11 o'clock, this time on the east end 
of the island. Jack Stilwell, a youth of eighteen, and five 
men were stationed there. So sure was the aim of the 
brave fellows that Roman Nose, who was thought to have 
a charmed life, fell at the first volley. Again the sayages 
turned back. A third attack was led by Dull Knife, a 
celebrated old warrior. He too fell, and his braves fled 
before the skilled marksmanship of the scouts. 

This ended the battle ; the Indians however kept the 
hills. More than half of the scouts in the sand pits were 
either wounded or killed. There was no food but horse 
flesh ; water was obtained by digging in the sand. Colonel 
Forsythe was severely wounded and unable to rise. It 
was decided that an effort should be made to inform 
Fort Wallace, ninety miles away, and Jack Stilwell and 
James Trudeau^ Volunteered to go. They were given per- 

.3. The third ni^ht nfter Stillwell and Trudenn left the island, two 
others, Donovan and Pliley, started for the fort. They came upon 
Colonel Carpenter's command, on the south fork of the Republican. The 



180 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



mission, and started at midnight. The first day they 
hid beneath a bank but three miles from the battle-field, 
the second day a swamp protected them, and the third 
day, seeing Indians in an open plain, they concealed them- 
selves in the carcass of a buffalo. At last they reached 
Fort Wallace and immediately troops were hurried to the 



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Monument Commemorating Battle of Beecher's Island. 

rescue. Nine days after the morning of the first battle, 
relief came to the beleagured men on the Arickaree. '^In 
recent years it has been ascertained through Indians who 
were engaged in the battle that they lost between seven 
and eight hundred braves." 

223. Forts. — During the Indian troubles three impor- 

comraand rode to the rescue in a twenty-mile dash, and reached the 
Island twenty-six hours in advance of the Fort Wallace party. Lieutenant 
Fred Beecher, a nephew of Henry Ward Beecher, was killed here. 



STATE CONSTEUCTION. 



181 



tant forts were built in the West. Fort Larned was estab- 
lished in 1859 in Pawnee County. It was then known as 
the camp on the Pawnee Fork. The name was changed 
to Camp Alert in February, 1860, and to Fort Larned in 
June of the same year. Fort Dodge was on the Santa Fe 
Trail, and had been a famous camping place for years. 
In 1864 Colonel Ford, of the Second Colorado Cavalry, 
located the fort. At first the buildings were of adobe. 
In 186^ permanent structures were raised. Fort Hayes 
in Ellis County was located in 1867, near Big Creek, a 
branch of the Smoky Hill River. Other forts were Fort 
Wallace in Wallace County and Fort Ellsworth in Ells- 
worth County. 

224. Death of Senator James H. Lane. — Senator James 
H. Lane* committed suicide in July, 1866. Governor 
Crawford appointed Honorable Ed- 
mund G. Ross to fill the unexpired 
term in the United States Senate. 

225. Election of United States Sen- 
ators.— The Legislature of 1867 
elected S. C. Pomeroy and Edmund G. 
Ross United States Senators. 

226. Election of 1868.— On the res- 
ignation of Governor Crawford, the 
official duties of state were assumed 
by Lieutenant-Governor Green. 




>:^ 



Nehemlah Green. 

In November James M. 
Harvey was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. 
The nominee of the Democratic Party was George W. 
Glick. In the national election U. S. Grant was elected 
President of the United States. 



4. See biography. 



182 HISTORY OF KANSAS. X 

Eeview Questions. — When and for what purpose was the jubilee 
held at Leavenworth? — Describe the life of the homesteader. — What 
do the children of the State owe to the pioneer? — What were the 
Indian raids of 1865-66?— Was the treaty a wdse one?— Tell of Gov- 
ernor Crawford's action with regard to the Indian raids. — Describe 
the Battle of Beecher Island. — Locate the principal forts built on 
account of Indian troubles. — What prominent politician died during 
this administration? 



YEARS OF GREAT IMMIGRATION. 
CHAPTER XX. 

GOVERNOR HARVEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1869—1873. 

227. The State House and the Legislature. — The State 
Government, which had occupied a brick building on 
Kansas Avenue, erected by private parties in 1863, and 
known as the ''State Row," aban- 
doned these primitive quarters in the 
later days of 1869 for the newly com- 
pleted east wing" of the present Capi- 
tol, upon which work had fairly be- 
gun in the spring of 1867. The first 
Legislature to meet in the State's 
own house was that of 1870, James 
M. Harvey^ being the chief magis- 
trate of the Commonwealth. This««^^'"^'^' J^^^*^^ ^^- liaivey. 
Legislature ratified the Fifteenth Amendment to the Con- 
stitution. 

228. Indian Troubles of 1869-70.— The still implacable 
red man harried the borders of the State in the spring of 
1869 and 1870, coming in at the northwest. A battalion 
of militia was sent to the Republican, Saline, and Solo- 
mon valleys, and TTnited States troops were employed in 
the same region. This served to keep the Indians within 
bounds. 




1. Sec biography. 



183 



184: HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

229. The Cattle Trade and the Cow-boy.— With the 

building of the railroads the great Texas cattle trade 
became a feature in Kansas. In 1866 Joseph G. McCoy 
came to Abilene and began his labors to attract the drive 
from Texas to Kansas. He was successful and from 1867- 
1872 Abilene was a cow-boy town. The cow-boy, with his 
jingling spurs, his wide hat, his six-shooter, and his enor- 
mous leather saddle, soon became very common over the 
state, as he herded the long-horned cattle on the plains 
or drove them to the most convenient shipping place. 
Keady to meet and thrive upon this sunburned traveler 
from Texas, and eager to share the burden of his money 
and his sin, came a motley crowd of both sexes, and great 
disorder prevailed by night and by day. This in turn led 
to the appointment of a "regulator of the peace," an 
officer who was always armed with several revolvers and 
possessed an unrivaled facility in their use. Thus Kansas 
became the home of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill, Long Jim, 
etc., who for years held a place in the dime novel liter- 
ature of the country. In 1871 the great cattle trade tar- 
ried for a season at Newton. By the close of Harvey's 
administration the trade began to be a great feature at 
the new city of Wichita, and in 1875 at Dodge City. At 
these points the sale and shipment of cattle rarely fell 
under 200,000 head a year. 

230. Census of 1870.— The United States census, taken 
in June of that year, showed a population of 362,307.- 
The increase in population of Kansas from 1860 to 1870 
was 235.99 per cent. The average increase for all of the 

2. In 1872, it was discovered that Kansas cast a larger vote than 
any New England state, except Massachusetts. 



YEAES OF GREAT IMMIGRATION. 185 

States and Territories was 21.52 per cent.^ Under the 
census of 1870, the State became entitled to three Rep- 
resentatives in Congress. 

231. Railways in Kansas. — The first locomotive for the 
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, the ''C. 
K. Holliday," reached Topeka in March, 1869. On the 
1st of September, 1870, the Kansas Pacific, originally 
called the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, and 
begun at the Kansas State line in Wyandotte in 1863, 
reached Denver, being the first railroad to cross Kansas 
from east to west. 

232. Kansas Invitation. — With the construction of 
these railroads, and their enormous land grants to be 
disposed of, ensued several years of such bold advertise- 
ment as Kansas had never before received. The agents 
of the land departments of the great railroad companies 
visited Great Britain and the Continent; offices for the 
dissemination of information were opened in every im- 
portant city in the United States and Europe. The buf- 
falo head, the especial symbol of the Kansas Pacific, ^ 
became visible in the most distant capitals ; the advan- 
tages of the Santa Fe and its lands were set forth in 
all modern languages. All distinguished representatives 
of foreign nations were invited to join excursions through 
Kansas, and among these came the Grand Duke Alexis,* 
of Russia, and his suite, who were welcomed by Governor 
Harvey and the Legislature at Topeka. The members of 
the press of the United States and of the world were 

3. In 1878, Kansas stood at the head of the wheat states with a crop 
of 33,315,538 bus-hels. 

4. See Kansas Historical Collections, Vol. X, for an interesting ac- 
count of the entertainment of the Russian prince. 



186 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

cordially invited, and Kansas travelers, in remote regions 
of Europe, often found local communities greatly excited 
and interested over the advent of a Kansas newspaper, 
describing the lands of the Great West ready and waiting 
for the settler. 

233. Colonization. — A favorite method of disposing of 
the lands was in large tracts to "colonies." In 1871 the 
Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony, in Saline county, 
22,000 acres ; to a Scotch colony, in Dickinson county, 
47,000 acres ; to an English colony, in Clay county, 32,000 
acres, and to a AVelsh colony, in Riley county, 19,000 acres. 
In 1873, George Grant, of England, purchased of the Kan- 
sas Pacific Company 50,000 acres in the eastern portion of 
Ellis county, with the design of colonizing English people 
of means. 

234. Labor Party and the Grange. — Two significant 
developments of Governor Harvey's administration were 
the Labor Party's organization and the Grange Move- 
ment. The Labor Party held its first state convention 
in September, 1870. Its platform advocated, among other 
ideas,' the natural right to land, the referendum of legis- 
lative acts, and $2,000 exemption from taxation. The 
first Grange was organized in 1872 and was a co-opera- 
tion of the farmers for protection and development. At 
one time there were 30,000 members of the Grange in the 
State. 

235. Election of United States Senator. — Alexander 
Caldwell was chosen United States Senator by the Legis- 
lature of 1871. 

236. Election of 1872.— At the election of 1872 Thomas 
A. Osborn, Republican, was chosen Governor. The Lib- 



YEARS OF GEEAT IMMIGRATION. 187 

eral Republicans nominated Thaddeus H. Walker. The 
Democratic Party made no nomination for Governor. In 
the national election U. S. Grant was elected President 
of the United States for a second term. 



Review Questions. — What was the first legislature to meet in 
the State House! — Tell of the '^cattle trade" and describe the cow- 
boy. — What was the first railroad to cross Kansas? — Who was Grand 
IXike Alexis, and why did he come to Kansas? — What colonies settled 
in Kansas during Harvey's administration? — Name two important 
organizations of this period. — Why are they important? 




This statuo of John J. Ingalls is in the Hall of Fame in the capitol 
building at Washington. It is the work of Charles Henry Niehaus, the 
most famous sculptor in the United States, and it is said to be among 
the best of the works of art at the capital city. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

\ 
GOVERNOE OSBOEN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1873—1877. 

237. The Legislature of 1873.— The Legislature of 1873 
chose John J. Ingalls^ United States Senator to succeed 
Samuel C. Pomeroy.^ 

Senator Caldwell resigned March 24, 1873, and Gov- 
ernor Osborn appointed Robert Crozier to fill the vacancy. 

238. State Educational Institutions. — The State Uni- 
versity, which dedicated its .first building in 1866, in 1873 
opened its main building, considered, 
at the time, one of the finest struc- 
tures devoted to educational uses in 
the United States. General John 
Fraser was Chancellor at this time. 
The State Normal School completed 
a new building in 1872. The State 
Agricultural College removed to a 
point nearer Manhattan in 1873. The 
Insane Asylum at Topeka was added^ovemor Thomas a. osbom. 
to the State institutions in 1875. 

239. The Common Schools.— In 1874 Kansas, taking 
an account of stock in resources educational, noted that 

1. See biography. 2. See biography. 

189 





state Normal Buildings. 



YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 191 

the school districts had grown in number, since 1861, 
from 214 to 4,181 ; the school population from 4,901 to 
199,019. The number of teachers employed had increased 
from 319 to 5,043. This increase was made from year to 
year, including the years of the Civil War, no year being 
marked by a falling off or a cessation of growth, showing 
that the people of Kansas were not to be diverted by any 
vicissitude from the upbuilding of the common and public 
school, the hope and security of free government. 

EUEOPEAN IMMIGEATION. 

240. The Mennonites.— With the addition of the Atchi- 
son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Company to the land- 
selling corporations, came vigorous efforts to induce emi- 
gration from Europe. Mr. C. B. Schmidt, on behalf of 
the company, traversed the Russian empire, carefully 
watched by the emissaries of the Government, and opened 
up communication with the Mennonite communities in 
Southern Russia, whose thoughts had been turned toward 
emigration to America by the proposed revocation, by 
the Czar's Government, of the privileges under which 
their fathers had settled in Russia. 

In August, 1873, five leaders of these people (kindred 
in race and religion to the founders of Germantown and 
other early German settlements in Pennsylvania) visited 
Kansas to select lands for a colony from Russia. The 
Legislature of 1874, mindful of the peaceful principles of 
the colonists, passed an act exempting Mennonites and 
Friends from military duty. 

241. Mennonite Settlement.— In September, 1874, 1,600 




State Agricultural College Buildings. 



YEAES or GREAT IMMIGRATION. 193 

Mennonites arrived at Topeka from Russia. In October 
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Company sold them 
100,000 acres of land in Harvey, Marion, and Reno 
counties. The following summer they were living in 
their villages of Gnadenau and Hoffnungsthal, in Marion 
county, and located on their farms about. 

In July, 1877, it was estimated that 6,000 Mennonites 
had settled in the Arkansas valley. Though for a time 
popularly called "Russians," they were Germans in lan- 
guage and lineage. They brought with them from Russia 
the apricot and mulberry, and also brought what they 
had retained in Russia, the German thrift, industry, and 
belief in popular and universal education. They aban- 
doned, after a brief trial, the village and "common field" 
idea under which they lived in Russia, and absorbed the 
American idea of individual ownership and control. They 
have taken part in all the business life of the communities 
amid which they came to dwell, they have become promi- 
nent in it, and have distinguished themselves by their 
attachment to the cause of education, fostering higher 
schools of their own, and patronizing the State Univer- 
sity and other educational institutions of the first rank. 
The Mennonite immigration continued for several years, 
the immigrants coming directly to Kansas from Russia 
and Germany. 

242. Russian Immigration.— In the years 1875- '76- '77 
a large "Russian" immigration settled, under the auspices 
of the Kansas Pacific, in Ellis county. These people, 
divided into five settlements named after cities and towns 
in Russia, adhered to some extent to the village system, 



194 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

almost universal among the agricultural population of 
Russia, and to the Catholic faith, to which- they have tes- 
tified their devotion by building commodious and sub- 
stantial churches. They have found Kansas a land of 
promise and fulfilment. 

THE GRASSHOPPER INVASION. 

243. The Disaster of 1874. — There is no rose without 
its thorn, and the ten wonderful years for Kansas, 1870 
to 1880, were broken by one year of calamity, 1874. In 
that year the drought came after the wheat harvest and 
the grasshoppers became a burden. As a spectacle the 
approach of the winged destroyers was sufficiently ter- 
rifying. They came in great clouds darkening the sky, 
and settled down on trees and growing crops, devouring 
leaf and branch. The destruction of vegetation was com- 
plete all through the summer and fall. 

244. Relief Committee. — A special session of the State 
Legislature was called, but concluded that relief from 
the State treasury was impracticable, and that the locusts 
ijfiust be met by issues of county bonds. 

In this juncture a State Relief Committee was organ- 
ized, composed of well-known and responsible citizens of 
the State, who issued an address to the citizens of Kansas 
and the people of the Eastern States. This committee 
received and disbursed money and goods to the amount 
of $235,000. This was the last grasshopper invasion, 
and probably the last aid campaign in or for Kansas. 
Owing to the conduct of unauthorized, irresponsible and 



YEARS OF GREAT IMMIGRATION. 195 

mercenary parties, against whom the State Committee 
raised loud but ineffectual warning, the word "aid" be- 
came quite as unpopular in Kansas as the word "locust." 

245. The Departure. — In the early spring of 1875, the 
young locusts hatched out in large numbers and created 
much alarm. They evinced, however, a delicacy of con- 
stitution unknown to their hardy, northern progenitors. 
Almost as suddenly as their forebears had come they took 
wing and flew to the northward, in time to allow late 
planting, and the season which followed was one of the 
most fruitful in the history of the State. 

246. The Year 1876.— The 100th Anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence was marked in Kansas by 
the mildness of the season with which the year opened. 
The ground was unfrozen, and bluebirds were singing 
in January and February. The people throughout the 
State evinced a revived interest in the history of their 
country and their State. The Fourth of July, 1876, was 
celebrated with enthusiasm, and seventy-five newspapers 
published local histories. 

247. Kansas at the Centennial. — A feature of the ad- 
ministration was the participation of Kansas in the Cen- 
tennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia. The Legis- 
latures of 1875 and 1876 appropriated $30,000 for the 
exhibition. A building was erected in an excellent loca- 
tion. Dividing the space with the State of Colorado, the 
State of Kansas made a memorable exhibition therein. 
Every feature of the exhibition was a success. A most 
admired map, showing by a star the location of every 



196 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Kansas schoolhouse, is still preserved in the Capitol at 
Topeka. Kansas received a certificate for the best col- 
lective exhibit; a first premium on fruit; a medal for a 
bound record book, exhibited by the State Printer, George 
W. Martin, and a prize for the best farm wagon, appro- 
priate to the State whither, by freighter's wagon and 
farmer's wagon, the ''Star of Empire" has taken its 
westward way. 

248. The Legislature of 1874.— James M. Harvey, who 

had served two terms as Governor of the State, was 
elected United States Senator by the Legislature of 1874, 
to fill the remainder of the term for which Alexander 
Caldwell was elected, a portion of the term having been 
filled by Hon. Robert Crozier, by appointment of the 
Governor. 

249. Amendment to the Constitution. — In 1876 the 
Constitution of the State was amended so as to provide 
for biennial sessions of the Legislature. 

250. Election of 1876. — In this year there was a revival 
of political parties over the State. The Prohibition Party 
held its first state convention and nominated John Paul- 
son for governor. The National Greenback-Labor Party 
nominated M. E. Hudson. The Democratic Party chose 
as its leader, John Martin, and the Republican Party, 
Geo. T. Anthony. The Republican nominee was elected. 
In the national election Rutherford B. Hayes was elected 
President of the United States. 

Prudence Crandall was imprisoned In 1833 in Canterbury, Connecticut, 
for attempting to teach colored girls. She moved to Kansas in 1876. 
In 1886 she was given a pension by the State of Connecticut. 



YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 



197 



Eeview Questions. — What senator was elected by the Legis- 
lature of 1873? — Give an account of the development of the State 
and common schools. — Who were the Mennonites? — Where did they 
settle? — Describe the grasshopper invasion. — What was its date? — 
Tell of Kansas at the Centennial. — What amendment was made to the 
Constitution in the Centennial year? — What new party appeared in 
the same year? 




CHAPTER XXIL 

GOVEENOR ANTHONY'S ADMINISTEATION. 

1877—1879. 

251. The Legislature of 1877.— Preston B. Plumb^ was 
elected United States Senator by this Legislature. In 
an effort to improve the schools of the State, an act was 
passed providing for a uniform sys- 
tem of Teachers' Institutes. The in- 
stitutes were to be held annually in 
every county of the state for a term 
of four weeks. 

252. The Temperance Movement. 
— The year 1877 is noted as marking 
the advance of a great temperance 
reform. In November of "that year, 
the Francis Murphy^ Temperance 
Movement began organization in Topeka. It spread to 
Lawrence and Leavenworth and finally over the entire 
State, until thousands of persons had signed the pledge 
to abstain from intoxicants. On March 9, 1878, the State 
Temperance Society was organized, with John A. Ander- 




Governor George 
Anthony. 



1. See biography. 

2. Francis Murphy v/as an American temperance evangelist, born in 
Wexford, Ireland. He served in the Federal drmy during our Civil War. 
Beginning in 1870 at Portland, Maine, he started temperance reform clubs 
throughout that State, and was their first president. His headquarters 
were in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. After his first addresses there in 1876, 
4.5,000 people signed the pledge, a number that was soon increased to 
10,000,000 as a result of his ministrations in different parts of the United 
States. He labored also in England and acted as chaplain in the 
Spanish-American War. — International Encyclopedia. 

198 



YEARS or GREAT IMMIGRATION. 199 

son^ as president. At a state temperance convention held 
later in the year the State Temperance Union was organ- 
ized, with John P. St. John president. On August 30, 
1878, the temperance people of the nation met in a great 
National Temperance Camp-meeting at Bismarck Grove, 
Lawrence. Thousands of people from all parts of the 
Union assembled there, and for twelve days discussed 
ways and means of securing the disruption of the liquor 
power. 

253. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union.— 

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was organ- 
ized at Bismarck Grove, Lawrence, in 1878. Frances Wil- 
lard had appointed Miss Amanda 
Way to act as leader until the State 
could be organized. Miss Way served 
as chairman of the meeting. Mrs. M. 
B. Smith, of Topeka, was chosen 
president. Mrs. Smith was a noble 
pioneer in the work. Here and there 
over the State were women's tem- 
perance societies, notably the 
Woman's Christian Temperance So-S^nator Preston b. piumb. 
ciety at Winfield, organized by Mrs. Clotilda Hilton Greer. 
Mrs. Smith brought these societies together and formed 
in the year of her service a comparatively strong State 
Association. The motto of the Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union, "For God. Home, and Native Land," is 
the ideal of its labors and a prophecy of its service. 

254. Cheyennes Start for Their Old Home.— In the fall 

3. See biography. 




200 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

of 1878, a band of northern Cheyennes who had been 
removed to the Indian Territory, resolved to return to 
their former home. Taking their women and children, 
they started northward through Kansas. When the news 
of their departure reached Fort Dodge, a detachment left 
the Fort and attacked them at the canon of the Famished 
Woman's Fork. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Lewis, 
commanding the troops, was killed, and the Indians pro- 
ceeded on their way. As the Indians crossed several main 
lines of railway and many telegraph lines, information of 
their progress was constantly forwarded. The State Gov- 
ernment sent arms to the settlers in the threatened coun- 
try, but nothing in the way of assistance could be secured 
from General Pope at Fort Leavenworth. On the 30th 
of September the Indians appeared on the Sappa, in 
Decatur County, and committed fearful atrocities, then 
made their escape almost unmolested to the North. They 
were finally overpowered, and a number of those identi- 
fied as having committed outrages were sent, on demand 
of Governor Anthony, to Kansas for trial before the civil 
court for murder and other crimes, but were never prose- 
cuted. This raid, in which forty white persons were re- 
ported killed, was the last in Kansas.* 

255. Minor Events.— In 1877 the first telephone in the 
State was put up at Manhattan. In 1878 the State Normal 
School building at Emporia was burned. 

A strike of railroad employees at Emporia occurred 

4. The legislature of 1909 passed an act appropriating to the board 
of county commissioners of Decatur county the sum of .$] .500 for the 
purpose of erecting a monument to citizens killed in said county in a raid 
of Cheyenne Indians September 30, 1878. This was the last raid and 
the last scalping within the borders of Kansas, an incident in our history 
certainly worth marking. 



YEAES OF GEEAT IMMIGEATION. 201 

which brought out troops by the Governor's orders to 
'1c[uell the disturbance. 

Two noted men of the nation, who had been prominent 
in the effort to make Kansas free, visited the State during 
this administration. They were Eli Thayer and Henry 
•Ward Beecher. Topeka tendered Mr. Thayer, as the 
guest of the State, an elaborate banquet and reception. 
Mr. Beecher preached in Topeka and Lawrence. 

256. Election of 1878.— John P. St. John was nomi- 
nated for Governor by the Republican Party, John R. 
Goodin by the Democratic Party, and D. P. Mitchell by 
the Greenback Party. John P. St. John was elected. 

Eeview Questions. — What senator was elected by the Legis- 
lature of 1877? — Tell of the inauguration of the Temperance Move- 
ment. — When and where was the Woman 's Christian Temperance 
Union organized? — What is the society's motto? — Eelate the story of 
the Cheyennes ' departure from the Indian Territory. — Name four 
minor events of this administration. 



ECONOMIC GROWTH. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

GOVERNOE ST. JOHN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1879—1883. 

257. The Legislature of 1879.— The Legislature of 1879 
re-elected John James Ingalls United States Senator. It 
provided for the erection of a State Reform School at 
Topeka and for the building of the 
west wing of the State House. 

258. The Prohibition Movement.— 
In his message to the Legislature of 
1879 Governor St. John made the 
following statement: ''The subject 
of temperance in its relation to the 
use of intoxicating liquors as a bev- 
erage has occupied the attention of 
the people of Kansas to such an ex-^^'^^^'^o'" J«i^° ^f^f- J^^°- 
tent that I feel it my duty to call your attention to some 
of its evils, and suggest, if possible, a remedy therefor. 
Much has been said of late years about hard times and 
extravagant and useless expenditures of money; and in 
this connection, I desire to call your attention to the 
fact that here in Kansas, where our people are at least 
as sober and temperate as are found in any of the states 
of the West, the money spent annually for intoxicating 
liquors would defray the entire expenses of the State 

202 




ECONOMIC GROWTH. 203 

government, including the care and maintenance of all 
its charitable institutions, Agricultural College, Normal 
School, State University, and Penitentiary, and all this 
expenditure for something that, instead of making man- 
kind nobler, purer and better, has only left its dark trail 
of misery, poverty, and crime. Its direct effects, as 
shown' by the official reports, have supplied our state 
prison with 105 of its present inmates." 

"Could we but dry up this one great evil that consumes 
annually so much wealth, and destroys the physical, 
moral and mental usefulness of its victims, we should 
hardly need prisons, poor houses or police." 

259. The Prohibition Amendment. — The Legislature of 
1879 voted by a joint resolution to submit to a vote of 
the people an amendment to the State Constitution for- 
ever prohibiting in Kansas the ''manufacture and sale 
of intoxicating liquors," except for medical and scientific 
purposes. The amendment was adopted at the general 
election in November, 1880, the vote standing 92,302 votes 
for the amendment to 84,304 against it.^ 

The Legislature of 1881 passed the act to enforce the 
provisions of the amendment, called the Prohibitory Law, 
the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to thirty- 
one nays. 2 

Kansas' firm stand for her prohibitory law is a proof 
of the strength of character of her citizens and a con- 

1. When the vote was counted, it was found that Cowley County was 
the banner county and Winfield the banner city. Each had given in favor 
of the prohibitory amendment the largest number of votes in proportion 
to the population of any county or city in the state. 

2. During thirty years the law has not been repealed nor has the Con- 
stitutional Amendment upon which it is based been re-submitted to the 
people for their aflfirmation or rejection. 



204 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

stant illustration in practical reform to the states of the 
nation. 

260. The Election of 1880.— In the State election of 
1880 Governor St. John was re-elected. James A. Gar- 
field was elected President of the United States in the 
national election. 

261. The Exodus. — In the spring of 1874 it was noted 
that parties of colored people were emigrating to the 
State from the South, the larger number from Tennessee. 
These immigrants located in southeastern Kansas, and 
engaged in growing cotton. A settlement was also formed 
in Morris County. 

In the spring of 1879 occurred the rush from the South, 
to which was given the name of the ''Exodus," and the 
''Exoduster" for a time became a prominent figure in 
Kansas. Great numbers of colored people, men, women, 
and children, arrived by rail at Parsons, from Texas, and 
on steamboats at Wyandotte and Atchison. The later 
comers represented the ex-slave population of Tennessee, 
Mississippi, and Louisiana. They were set ashore with 
their scanty household goods, strangers, houseless, food- 
less, but seemingly cheerful and uncaring. 

Their story soon became the talk of the country, a 
Congressional committee was formed to investigate the 
"Exodus," and many witnesses were summoned from 
Kansas. 

In the meantime, the ''Exodusters" eared for them- 
selves, and were cared for. A Freedman's State Central 
Association was formed, headed by Governor St. John. 



ECONOMIC GROWTH. 205 

Money and goods were received, $2,000 coming from Chi- 
cago and $3,000 from England. 

262. Settlement of the Negroes.-^In the late fall of 
1877, *'*Exodusters" gathered from Topeka and other 
points, and founded the town of Nicodemus, in Graham 
County. "With but three horses in the entire settlement, 
the people in the spring put in wheat and other crops, 
with hoes and mattocks, and in the harvest pulled the 
grain with their hands. The men afterwards walked to 
eastern Kansas and to Colorado in search of work, and 
the women "held down the claims." The "Exodusters" 
formed little suburbs in the cities where they collected, 
and "Tennesseetown," in Topeka, is a relic of the ''Exo- 
dus." The entire body was absorbed in the laboring 
population of the. State. These immigrants conducted 
probably the first successful attempt of the freed people 
to occupy, under the Homestead Law, the public lands 
of the United States. They came to Kansas moved by an 
impulse to seek security in the pursuit of life, liberty 
and happiness. 

263. Kansas-Nebraska Act Anniversary. — In 1879, at 
Bismarck Grove., Lawrence, the quarter centennial of the 
passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was held. The day 
selected, the 15th of September, 1879, as it turned out, 
was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first 
newspaper in Kansas. The meeting was marked by the 
number of men and women present who took part in the 
stirring scenes of 1854 to 1859. Among the honored 
guests and speakers from abroad was Rev. Edward 
Everett Hale, of Boston, whose story of "A Man Without 



206 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

a Country," had taught a generation of young Kansans 
patriotism, and who had himself labored with voice and 
pen for Kansas in the old territorial days. His book, 
"Kansas and Nebraska," published in 1854, has been pro- 
nounced the ablest Kansas book of its time. 

264. Constitutional Convention Reunion. — There was 
a reunion at Kansas City, Kansas, July 29, 1882, of the 
surviving members of the Wyandotte Constitutional Con- 
vention. At this first meeting of the Constitutional build- 
ers since their adjournment in 1859, it was discovered 
that only twenty-nine were living, with nineteen still 
residents of Kansas,- and of these ten ;ivere present. The 
proceedings were of the highest interest and a permanent 
association was formed. 

265. Kansas Day.— With the growth of the State, it 
became evident that the feeling of state pride pervaded 
both its older and its younger population. The observ- 
ance of the 29th of January as "Kansas Day" became, 
in the early 80 's a custom in the schools of the State, In 
1882 the observances in the public schools of Wichita and 
Junction City were matters of State remark, and since 
that time the "Kansas Day" celebration has become well- 
nigh universal. On "Kansas Day" elaborate programs 
are prepared, essays are read on various periods in the 
history of Kansas ; Kansas songs are sung, Kansas poems 
recited, the favorites being the "songs of freedom," with 
which, in the early and doubtful days, Whittier, Lowell, 
Bryant and others were inspired. Then there are verses, 
ranging from grave to gay, descriptive of the Kansas 
earth, and sky, and life, which have been evoked from 
Kansas writers. On these festive occasions the school 



ECONOMIC GROWTH. 



207 



rooms are decorated with the national colors ; the motto 
of the State is pronjiinent, while royally radiant the sun- 
flower holds its place as the State's emblem. 




The Kansas Sunflower. — "Without any statutory 
provision or formal adoption as the "State flower." there 
came about through the "vox populi" the selection of 
the sunflower as the emblem of Kansas. The sunflower 
is a pioneer in the State, coming with the first breaking 
of the soil by the passing wheel or other disturbing 



208 ' HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

agency. It sprang up on either side of the Santa Fe 
trail for 800 miles. It comes wherever, in Kansas, man 
comes to sow or reap, marking the time and place, and 
if the claim is abandoned, it grows within the roofless 
walls of sod. The sunflower is the badge worn by Kan- 
sans on great occasions at home and abroad.^ 

267. The Osage Reservation. — In 1869 the Osage In- 
dians had made a treaty selling their lands to the Leaven- 
' worth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad Company, to 
the amount of 8,000,000 acres. '^ The settlers, many of 
whom had located on these lands prior to the sale, be- 
came fearful lest they should lose their homes. Great 
meetings were held at Osage Mission, Parsons and other 
points and the question was agitated. On the 19th of 
January, 1874, the Attorney-General of the United States 
issued an order to the United States District Attorney of 
Kansas to bring suit to test the validity of patents issued 
to railroad companies for any part of the Osage ceded 
lands. The case was argued in the United States Circuit 
Court at Leavenworth, and in August decided for the 
settlers by Judges Miller and Dillon. In April, 1876, the 
United States Supreme Court decided the case for the 
settlers. After seven years or more of waiting and anx- 
iety, the settlers indulged in great rejoicing. In March, 

3. Noble L. Prentis in the Champion of September suggested the sun- 
flower as the state flower. "The capitol square is surrounded by a dense 
growth, rods in width, of rampant sunflowers. They grow as big, rank 
and yellow as if they were forty miles from a house. The sunflower 
ought to be made the emblem of our State. Nothing checks it or kills it. 
It is always 'happy as a big sunflower.' Grasshoppers have never held 
the edge on it, and in drouthy times, when everything else wilts and holds 
up its hands, the sunflower continues business at the old stand. It prob- 
ably has some private arrangement with nature for securing aid." 

4. The Osage Indian lands covered the territory which is now Neosho, 
Labette and parts of counties on either side. 



ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 209 

1880, the passage of Congressman Ryan's Indian Land 
Bill opened the whole Kaw Reservation to settlers. 

268. Other Events. — During this administration Gen- 
eral Grant and President Hayes^ visited Kansas. The 
new State Normal building at Emporia was finished. A 
fine building at Washburn College was completed, and 
Campbell College at Holton was organized. 

269. Election of 1882. — Governor St. John was a can- 
didate for the third term on the Republican ticket, 
George W. Glick was the Democratic candidate for Gov- 
ernor, and Charles Robinson the Greenback-Labor Party's 
candidate. George W. Glick was elected. 



5. At Parsons, President Hayes said "Kansas is the best-advertised 
state in the Union and yon come up to the advertisement. When you go 
anywhere, the people naturally show you the best thing they have. I 
wondered what would be the best thing you would show me here. You 
took me to see your school house. There "is no better advertisement for a 
city or a state." General Sherman said, "I don't know what mystery has 
brought about the rapid development of Kansas, except the mystery of 
education and industry." 

Leavenworth was the old home of General Sherman. He practiced law 
there. 

Review Questions. — Give the dates of St. John's Administra- 
tion. — What was the burden of the governor 's message to the Legis- 
lature?— -What is the substance of the prohibition amendment? — 
When was it adopted by the people? — What was the Exodus? — What 
distinguished men were the guests of Kansas during this adminis- 
tration? — Have you read ''A Man Without a Country"? — How is 
Kansas Day often celebrated by the schools?- — How did the sunflower 
come to be the emblem of the State? — What was the decision of the 
United States Supreme Court on the Osage land question? 



CHAPTER XXIV. 




GOVEENOE CLICK'S ADMINISTEATIOK 

1883—1885. 

270. The Legislature of 1883.— The Legislature of 
1883 re-elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator. 

271. Captain Payne and Oklahoma. — In 1880, Captain 
David L. Payne appeared as the original ''Oklahoma 
Boomer." Captain Payne was an old-time and well- 
known citizen of Kansas. In 1879, 

while an employee of the Government 
in Washington, he made the discov- 
ery, as he believed, that the lands in 
the western part of the Indian Ter- 
ritory which had been ceded by the 
Creeks to the Government for occu- 
pation by other civilized tribes, and 
by freedmen, belonged to the public 
lands of the United States because 
they had not been so occupied. Be-^^^^"""^^ ""''''' ^- ^"^^• 
ginning in 1880, parties of "boomers," as they came to 
be called, marched into the coveted territory on an aver- 
age about twice a year under the command of Captain 
Payne. They were as often arrested and turned out by 
the United States troops, and held to appear in the 
United States courts, but nothing suppressed the boom- 
ers. On the 28th of November, 1884, Captain Payne 

210 




ECONOMIC GROWTH. 211 

dropped dead of heart disease at Wellington, Kansas. 
But. his work prospered in the hands of Captain Couch 
and other lieutenants, and the agitation was transferred 
to Congress. 

' 272. Kansas Philanthropy. — Kansas having, in her 
earlier and dryer days, freely received, in her more pros- 
perous years freely gave. A destructive flood prevailing 
in the Ohio valley in the spring of 1884, a train of thirty- 
one cars, loaded with corn by Sedgwick County farmers, 
was dispatched from Wichita. The cars were decked with 
flags and banners gay, and contained 12,400 bushels, 
which brought $8,500 at Cincinnati. The Sedgwick 
County train was followed by the Butler County train, 
thirty cars of 400 bushels each, which sold for $8,000. 

The G. A. R. Post at Fort Scott shipped a load of corn 
to Richmond, Virginia, in aid of a Confederate Home. 
The corn crop of 1885, which was not a remarkable corn 
year, was estimated to be worth more money than the 
entire gold and silver product of Colorado, California 
and Nevada. 

273. Congfressional Action Pertaining to Kansas. — In 
1884, the United States Government established Haskell 
Institute,^ a school for teaching and training Indians, at 
Lawrence. The students are taught house-keeping, dress- 
making, tailoring, blacksmithing, carpentering, etc., as 
well as common and high-school branches. 

The Congress of 1884 also passed an act for the estab- 
lishment of a National Soldiers' Home at Leavenworth. 
It has grown in buildings, appointments and number of 

1. Haskell Institute was named for Congressman Dudley C. Haskell 
of- Lawrence. 



212 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

inmates to be one of the most important military homes 
in the country. 

274. Other Events. — An important publication of the 
period was Andreas' History of Kansas. It is a compila- 
tion of the facts of the history of the State, and is a 
book of great value to the historian. During this admin- 
istration the State Woman's Suffrage Association was 
organized. 

275. Election of 1884. — At the Republican Convention 
John A. Martin was nominated for Governor. G. W. 
Glick was made the Democratic" nominee, and H. L. Phil- 
lips received the nomination of the Greenback-Labor 
Convention. John A. Martin was elected. 

In the national election, Grover Cleveland was elected 
President of the United States. 



Eeview Questions. — Tell of Captain Payne and Oklahoma. — 
Why did he consider the western part of the Territory subject to 
entry under public land laws? — When were Haskell Institute and the 
National Soldiers' Home founded? — Memorize ''Walls of Corn," 



ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 
WALLS OF COEN. 



213 




Smiling and beautiful, heaven 's dome 
Bends softly o 'er our prairie home. 

But the wide, wide lands that stretch away 
Before my eyes in the days of May, 

The rolling prairie 's billowy swell, 
Breezy upland and timbered dell. 

Stately mansion and hut forlorn — 
All are hidden by walls of corn. 

All the wide world is narrowed down 

To the walls of corn, now sere and brown. 

What do they hold — ^.these walls of corn. 
Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? 

He who questions may soon be told : 

A great State's wealth these walls enfold. 

No sentinels guard these walls of corn. 
Never is sounded the warder's horn; 



214 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Yet the pillars are hung with gleaming gold, 
Left all unbarred, though thieves are bold. 

Clothes and food for the toiling poor, 
Wealth to heap at the rich man's door; 

Meat for the healthy and balm for him 
Who moans and tosses in chamber dim. 

Shoes for the barefooted ; pearls to twine 
In the scented tresses of ladies fine; 

Things of use for the lowly cot 

Where (bless the corn!) want cometh not; 

Luxuries rare for the mansion grand, 
Booty for thieves that rob the land; — 

All these things and many more, 

It would fill a book but to name them o'er. 

Are hid and held in these walls of corn, 
Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn I 

Where do they stand — these walls of corn? 
Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn? 

Open the atlas, conned by rule. 

In the olden days of the district school. 

Point to this rich and bounteous land. 
That yields such fruits to the toiler 's hand. 

"Treeless desert," they called it then, 
Haunted by beasts, forsaken by men. 

Little they knew what wealth untold 

Lay hid where the desolate prairies rolled. 

Who would have dared, with brueh or pen. 
As this land is now, to paint it then? 

And how would the wise ones have laughed in scorn 
Had prophet foretold these walls of corn. 
Whose banners toss in the breeze of morn! 

— Ellen P. Allerton. 
Written durang Governor Glick's administration. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



GOVEENOR MAETIN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1885—1889. 

276. The Legislature of 1885. — The twenty-first ses- 
sion of the Legislature was noted for the number of laws 
enacted. The most important are given. John J. Ingalls 

was re-elected United States Senator. 
An act providing for a Labor Bureau 
was passed; it was thereby made the 
duty of the labor commissioner to 
visit mines, work shops, and factories 
twice a year and report on the indus- 
trial interests of the State. An act 
also provided for uniform teachers' 
examinations, and added physiology 

Governor John A. Martin, ^nd hygiene tO the list of SUbjCCtS. 

A state board of health was inaugurated.^ 

277. State Institutions.— The Legislature of 1885 pro- 
vided for the Soldiers' Orphan Home at Atchison, and 
for the removal of the Asylum for Imbecile Youth to 
Winfield. This asylum had been first established at 
Lawrence in 1881. 

The State Reformatory was located at Hutchinson. 

1. Silk culture was introduced into Kansas in 1885 in a Mennonite 
settlement so successfully that the legislature of 1887 recognized its value 
and passed the Silk-Culture Bill. A silk reeling station was established at 
Peabody. Buildings were furnished, eggs of the silk worm were dis- 
tributed and a bounty paid for cocoons. The silk worms live on the 
mulberry tree. 

215 




216 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

The aim of the institution is the reformation rather than 
the punishment of youthful criminals between the ages 
of sixteen and twenty-five. The system at the Reforma- 
tory affords a graded course of treatment, the condition 
and comfort of the student being made dependent upon 
his conduct. 

278. Educational Institutions. — In 1885 Southwestern 
College was founded at Winfield by the Methodist Con- 
ference of Southwestern Kansas. John E. Earp was the 
first president. 

The Presbyterian church established Emporia College 
at Emporia in 1885. In 1886 the Salina Wesleyan was 
established at Salina. This is also a Methodist College. 

Cooper Memorial College was located at Sterling the 
same year and endowed by the United Presbyterians. 

Midland College was established by the Evangelican 
Lutheran church at Atchison in 1887. 

A German Baptist Dunkard College was located at 
McPherson in 1888, and Bethel College, a Mennonite 
school, at Newton. St. John's Military College, a school 
for boys, under the control of the Episcopal church, was 
established at Salina. 

In the year 1887, 812 school houses were built in 
Kansas. 

279. National Educational Association. — The National 
Educational Association met in Topeka in July, 1885 ; 
7,000 teachers, representing every part of the United 
States, were present Dr. Canfield, of Kansas University, 
was elected president. 

280. Wilder 's Annals. — Wilder 's Annals of Kansas, 



ECONOMIC GROWTH. 217 

a book of nearly 1,200 pages, by D. W. Wilder, was pub- 
lished in this administration. It is a compilation of the 
most important events of Kansas history from the days 
of Coronado to the year 1886. 

' 281. Amos A. Lawrence. — The announcement of the 
death, at Nahant, Mass., of Amos A. Lawrence, was re- 
ceived with unusual tokens of respect at Lawrence, a city 
named in his honor. Mr. Lawrence was one of the or- 
ganizers of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society. His 
name was given to the new Free Soil settlement in the 
autumn of 1854. In 1856, at a meeting held in Lawrence 
to institute a university, Mr. Lawrence was chosen a 
trustee. A gift of $10,000 in notes by Mr. Lawrence for 
educational purposes, which was turned over to the 
Kansas State University on its location at Lawrence, was 
the first endowment of the institution. 

Amos Lawrence was regarded, in a sense, as the father 
of Lawrence and of the University. The manufacturing 
city of Lawrence, Mass., was also named in his honor, and 
he was the founder of Lawrence University at Appleton, 
Wis. 

282. Railroad Strike.— In March, 1886, on the line of 
the Missouri Pacific Railway in Missouri and Kansas, the 
most extensive strike in the history of railroads in these 
states began. The men in the operative department of 
the road left work at Sedalia, Mo., on the 6th of March, 
and thence the strike spread to all the centers of exten- 
sive railroad employment, as Wyandotte, Atchison and 
Parsons. Thirty engines were disabled at Atchison, a 
freight train was wrecked at Wyandotte, and the engi- 



218 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

neer and fireman were killed. Governor Martin held con- 
sultations with Governor Marmaduke of IVIissouri and 
endeavored to bring about an arrangement to secure 
peace by arbitration, between the striking men and the 
railroad companies. In consequence, however, of the 
disturbed conditions at Parsons, the Governor ordered 
the First Kansas Militia into the field. The strike was 
declared off in the last of April. It caused much suffer- 
ing, both to the working people and the general public. 
The original cause was the discharge from employment 
of a foreman in the car shops, at Marshall, Texas. 

283. Kansas at New Orleans. — Kansas, at the New 
Orleans Exposition, 1889, took first prizes on wheat, corn, 
flour, sorghum, sugar, apples, and cattle. Sixty-five first 
and second prizes were awarded, Kansas thereby leading 
every State in the Union. 

284. Soldier Census. — The Legislature of 1885 made 
provision for a census of the soldier population of the 
State. It was discovered that not far from 100,000 Kan- 
sans had been enrolled in the army of the Nation. Sol- 
diers' reunions became the most popular festivals. 

285. National Cemetery. — The National Cemetery at 
Fort Leavenworth was dedicated May 30, 1886, with mili- 
tary pomp and splendor. 

286. Election of 1886.— At the election of 1886, Gover- 
nor Martin was the Republican candidate for re-election. 
Colonel Moonlight was the Democratic candidate, and C. 
H. Branscomb was the candidate of the Prohibition 
Party. Governor Martin was re-elected. 



ECONOMIC GROWTH. 219 

287. The Municipal Suffrage Bill.— The Legislature of 
1887 passed the municipal suffrage bill, which conferred 
on women in Kansas at school, bond and municipal elec- 
♦tions, the same right to vote possessed by men. The bill 
received the signature of Governor Martin on the 14th 
of February. About 26,000 women voted at the follow- 
ing spring election. Mrs. Medora Salter was elected 
Mayor of Argonia, perhaps the first woman in the world 
to hold the office. 

288. The Kansas Boom.— In the five years from 1880 
to 1885 there had been a general prosperity, which led up 
to a ''boom" in the towns and cities for which, when it 
was over, there seemed to be no reasonable explanation. 
Extensive additions, spreading over great areas, extend- 
ing in some instances miles from the business centers of 
the towns and cities, were laid out, and real estate was 
held and sold at stupendous prices. Bonds were issued 
for all sorts of municipal improvements. Electric light 
plants and street railways became numerous. Water- 
works were voted where the natural supply of water was 
hardly appreciable, and hydrants arose amid the prairie 
grass. In cities of the minor class, massive and imposing 
business blocks were erected worthy of the solid and 
long established commercial centers of the country. In 
the course of tv/elve months, extending into 1886, ninety- 
four new towns were chartered. In ten months of the 
year 1886, 453 railroad charters were filed in the office 
of the Secretary of State, and by the end of the year 

2. It was made known through the Historical Society that by con- 
tribution of $1,000 l)y Mrs. Margaret Northrup of Brooklyn, New York, 
a pew for citizens, of Kansas had been secured forever in the Metropolitan 
M. E. Church in Washington, D. C. 



220 ■ HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Kansas led the States in railroads. In 1887, the great 
Kansas "boom" was still booming. Wichita formed a. 
good illustration. On the first day of the year it was 
announced that for the past year her manufactures, her 
mercantile salaries, her wholesale trade, and her bank 
clearings were in the millions. The list of real estate 
sales made a newspaper column a day. Syndicates were 
organized to deal in real estate in many of the towns, 
and municipal improvements multiplied. The close of 
the year saw the collapse of the "boom." 

289. Mexican Pilgrims. — The passage through the 
State, by rail, of a party of 250 Mexican people on a pil- 
grimage to Rome, was a reminder of the changed order 
of travel and transportation. Such pilgrimages had not 
been unknown in Mexico before, but had been undertaken 
entirely by sea from Mexican ports. These pilgrims 
recognized the opening of a great continental route 
through the United States via Kansas, eating, drinking, 
sleeping, and assembling in the cars for their devotions 
as they journeyed. 

290. Years of Trial and Recovery.— The year 1885- '86 
fell below the usual productiveness. The year 1887 was 
a year of disaster in an agricultural sense, being a year 
of severe drought. The pioneers out on the wide prairie 
suffered and many of the farms were mortgaged. The 
year 1888 was a year of recovery. These periods of re- 
covery have often been noticed in Kansas history. The 
"bad years" in the first thirty years of Kansas, viz., 
1860, 1868, 1870, 1874, and 1887 were each followed by 
seasons of uncommon fruitfulness. 



ECONOMIC GEOWTH. 221 

291. Completion of County Organization. — In July, 
1888, Governor Martin issued his proclamation organiz- 
ing the county of Greeley, with Tribune as the county 
seat. This completed the organization of Kansas coun- 
ties, 106 in all. Subsequently, the county of Garfield was 
attached to Finney County, and the number reduced to 
105. 

292. County-Seat Difficulties. — In several counties of 
the state, contests on the location of the county seat pre- 
vailed. The most tragic of these was in Stephens County 
where the contest between the rival towns of Woodsdale 
and Hugoton became very serious. Opposing factions 
fought, feuds became numerous and deadly, and several 
people, including the Sheriff of the County, were killed. 
An appeal for help was made to the governor and the 
second regiment of Kansas Militia was ordered to the 
country to preserve order. 

293. Remarkable Fossil Discovery. — Mr. S. S. Hand 

sent to Chancellor Snow, of the State University, a fossil 
fish, found in Hamilton county, and Professor Snow 
wrote: "My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and 
died when what is now Hamilton county, more than 
3,000 feet above the present sea level, was under the salt 
water ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea 
monsters are found abundantly in the rocks of Western 
Kansas, especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill 
River and its branches. In fact, the ocean covered the 
entire western portion of the United States. The Rocky 
Mountains were not upheaved when your fish lived and 
died." 



222 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Kansas is an attractive field for tlie labors of the paleon- 
tologist, especially in the Niobrara formation in Rooks, 
Ellis and Trego counties. Of the thirteen fossilized birds 
of the North American continent and Europe, catalogued 
in 1873, seven species were found in Kansas. Of saurians, 
or lizards, thirty-one are found in the small strip of the 
Niobrara in Kansas to four in all of Europe. In the ocean 
which covered what is now Kansas, sharks swam numer- 
ously, as many as three hundred of their teeth having 
been found in a space of thirty inches square. The fossil 
beds of Kansas have been intelligently and diligently 
searched for many years, and invaluable specimens have 
been preserved in the collections of the State University 
and other Kansas institutions of learning, and of Yale 
I^niversity, where they have attracted the attention of 
the scientists of the world. ^ 

294. Death of Ex-Governor Carney.— On the 30th of 
July, Thomas Carney, second Governor of Kansas, the first 
to fall out of the line of Kansas chief magistrates, died. 
He was buried in honor at his long-time home, Leaven- 
worth. 

3. Disappearance of the Buffalo. — It was announced that the last 
buffalo remaining in Kansas was sold by Mr. C. J. Jones to a party in 
New York, and was to leave the State. The event created but a senti- 
mental regret. The disappearance of the buffalo, which existed in Kansas 
in such numbers, even after the settlement of the State had begun, as to 
delay tlie passage of railroad trains, was regarded like the vanishing of 
the 'Indian, as inevitable and not to be deplored. The buffalo served a 
purpose in earliest days by furnishing his meat, hide and bones for the 
temporary uses of the' pioneer, but the latter found no difficulty in sub- 
sisting without them after the supply was withdrawn. Much more of a 
loss than the buffalo himself was that of the buffalo grass, which formed 
the pasturage of countless thousands of these animals both winter and 
summer. This began to give way to a coarser and less nutritious herbage 
with the disappearance of the tramping herds. On the other hand, it was 
claimed by competent observers that the earth became more absorptive of 
moisture and responsive to cultivation. The disappearance of the buffalo 
wallow, the prairie dog town, and the botanic family of the cacti, marked 
the surrender of the land to fertility and civilization. 




ECONOMIC GROWTH. 223 

295, David Ware. — David Ware, for twenty-six years 
janitor of the Kansas State House, died in Topeka, in 
September, 1888. He was born a slave in Missouri, and 
came to Kansas during the war. He 
took charge of the Capitol on its 
first occupation by the State, and 
continued its custodian to the close 
of his life. His fidelity and honesty 
were unimpeachable. His funeral 
was attended by the officers of the 
State, and his character was made 
the subject of eulogy by Grovernor 
Martin. ^^""'^ ware. 

296. Election of 1888.— In November, 1888, the na- 
tional and state election occurred.. The candidates for 
governor were as follows : Republican, L. U. Humphrey ; 
Democrat, Judge John Martin; Union Labor, P. P. Elder; 
Prohibition, A. M. Richardson. L. U. Humphrey was 
elected. Benjamin Harrison was elected president of the 
United States in the National election. 



Review Questions. — What important lahor laws were passed by 
the Legislature 'of 1885? — What State institutions were established? — 
Name and locate the colleges that were founded during Martin's Ad- 
ministration. — What noted association met in Topeka in 1885? — What 
contribution was made to Kansas historical achievements? — How did 
Amos A. Lawrence serve the State? — What honors did Kansas win 
at the New Orleans Exposition? — What was the Municipal Suffrage 
Bill? — Describe the Kansas boom. — Tell of the years of trial and 
recovery. — How many counties are in Kansas and what was the last 
one organized? — Give Chancellor Snow's opinion of the remarkable 
fossil discovery in Hamilton county. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



-i"y5.*f ^^-^ 



i^ %■ 




GOVERNOR HUMPHREY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1889—1893. 

297. Messages to the Legislature. — The Legislature of 
1889 assembled on the 8th of January. Governor John 
A. Martin delivered to the Legislature a retiring, and 
Governor L. U. Humphrey an inau- 
gural message. The attention of the 
Legislature was especially directed to 
the condition of the debtor classes, 
and the ^ need of legislation in their 
behalf. Governor Martin called at- 
tention to the mortgage laws. He 
said: ''It should require something 
more than a mortgage to steal a 
man's farm. Our chattel mortgage^^'^^''^^'' ^- u. Humphrey, 
laws invite outrages on property rights that are as fla- 
grant as grand larceny, and the wrong and injustice that 
has been done under the shield of these laws has been a 
disgrace to civilized government." 

298. Legislative Acts.— On the 23rd of January, 1889, 
the joint session of the Legislature by a unanimous vote 
elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator for a 
third term. The most important acts were : An act re- 
ducing the rate of interest by contract from twelve to ten 

224 



POLITICAL CHANGES. ' 225 

per cent and the legal rate from seven to six per cent ; an 
act authorizing cities and townships to issue bonds and 
to subscribe stock for sugar manufactories ; an ^ct to in- 
crease the amount of bounty to be paid on sugar manu- 
factured in Kansas from $15,000 to $40,000; an act ap- 
propriating $36,000 for a building for the G. A'. R. at 
Ellsworth ; an appropriation to establish a State Soldiers ' 
Home whenever Congress should give one of the National 
Military Reservations as a site, and an act receiving the 
Girls' Industrial School. 

299. The Girls' Industrial School.— The industrial 
school for girls at Beloit which was made a state insti- 
tution by the Act of the Legislature of 1889, had been 
established in 1888 by the Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, which had donated to the institution eighty acres 
of land. 

300. Manufacture of Sugar. — The industry which most 
engaged the energies of Kansas in 1889 was the manu- 
facture of sugar from the sorghum cane. For several 
years the attempt to manufacture sugar at a profit from 
the native cane had been carried on, and factories were 
erected at various points. The United States Agricul- 
tural Department had been enlisted, and Government 
chemists aided in the experiments. The result of a series 
of costly experiments at Ottawa, Sterling, and other 
places, was the discovery and admission that sugar could 
not be made from the sorghum cane in paying quantity by 
the ''roller" process employed in the treatment of the 
Louisiana cane, but the showing of a series of trials at 



226 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Fort Scott was claimed as demonstrating the efficiency of 
the "diffusion" process. 

In September, 1889, Jeremiah M. Rusk, United States 
Secretary of Agriculture, visited Kansas, and published 
that the manufacture of sugar was a success beyond his 
anticipations ; that at Conway Springs the product of 
sugar gave a profit of ten per cent. 

301. Bounty and Aid. — The Legislature gave a bounty 
of % cents a pound to the amount of $40,000. The sugar 
crop of 1889, on which the State bounty was paid, 
amounted to 1,293,274 pounds, and in 1890 to 1,371,930 
pounds. Bonds were voted by municipalities in aid of 
sugar mills and refineries, the aid proposed reaching, in 
some instances, $100,000 in bonds. The manufacture was 
continued for some years. In 1892 but two sugar mills, 
those at Medicine Lodge and Fort Scott, received the 
State subsidy, the product being 998,100 pounds of sugar. 
In the course of events the Government and State aid 
was withdrawn. 

302. Salt Industry. — The salt-making industry, which 
had received a considerable impetus in 1887, and, in fact, 
had been carried on to some extent from the beginning 
of the settlement of the State, but which produced only 
13,000 bushels in 1880, was enormously increased in 1889. 
Early in the year. Senator Plumb made the statement that 
"the development of the salt industry in Kansas has had 
the effect of reducing the price of salt in the Mississippi 
valley twenty-five per cent, from the^ prices prevailing 
twelve months ago." Wellington organized its eighth 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 



227 



salt company. Hutchinson already had ten salt plants 
in operation, with more in course of construction. Mc- 
Pherson had made a promising start, and Kingman, 
Lyons, Anthony, Sterling, Great Bend, and other points 
were engaged in the manufacture. The salt deposit was 
reached at depths varying from 420 to 925 feet. 




Mill at Junction City, Kansas. 



303. Corn. — The year 1889 was the greatest ''corn 
year," so far, in the agricultural annals of the State, the 
figures being 6,820,693 acres, with a yield of 273,988,321 
bushels, valued at $51,649,876.18 ; an average yield of 
40.15 bushels to the acre. This inspired ex-Governor John 
A. Martin to say of Kansas corn : ' ' Corn is the sign and 



228 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

seal of a good American agricultural country; corn is an 
American institution ; one of the discoveries of the conti- 
nent. It was known to the Indians, and to cultivate it 
was one of the few agricultural temptations which over- 
came their proud and haughty contempt for labor. Kan- 
sas has corn and so is in luck." 

304. Kansas at the Paris Exposition. — Kansas was 
represented at the Paris Exposition of 1889, and received 
a gold medal for the best agricultural report exhibited ; a 
silver medal for the publications of the State Labor De- 
partment, and honorable mention for the exhibits of the 
Douglas and Conway Springs sugar manufactories.^ 

305. Harbor Convention. — In response to a call by 
Governor Humphrey, a convention of delegates from many 
of the Western and Southern States assembled at Topeka, 
October 1, 1889, to devise means for securing a deep- 
water harbor on the coast of Texas. Six hundred dele- 
gates responded, including Governor Thayer, of Nebraska, 
Governor Francis, of Missouri, seven ex-Governors, nine 
Congressmen, and many other men of prominence. Fifteen 
States and Territories were represented. United States 
Senator Plumb presided over the deliberations of the 
convention. 

306. Opening of Oklahoma. — Kansas bore a great part 
in the opening and occupation of Oklahoma. In the early 
months of 1889 there was an evident increase in the in- 

1. Referring to the awards a't the Paris Exposition, the Kansas City 
.TouT-nal. a£ter statiaff that Anheuser took the second premium for the 
lager beer manufactured at St. Louis, adds, "among the silver medals is 
one of the state of Kansas awarded to the state department of Public 
Instruction for Reports and School Work. Missouri thus gets a premium 
for lager beer and Kansas for education, Kansas is ahead at Paris." 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 229 

terest felt in the opening of this territory to settlement. 
The so-called boomers collected in large numbers during 
the winter at points on the border, more especially at 
Arkansas City and Caldwell, awaiting the action of Con- 
gress. The progress of "the Bill" was followed with 
alternations of hope and fear. At last the suspense was 
ended by the proclamation of the President announcing 
the date of the opening of Oklahoma to be at 12 o'clock 
on April 22, 1889, and giving the regulations under which 
the 1,800,000 acres of land were to be taken. 

307. Preparation. — The Cherokee reservation, sixty 
miles wide, lay between Kansas and Oklahoma. It was 
called in common parlance "The Strip." This Strip was 
filled with people prior to the opening day and the night 
before, a line of camp fires shone from the Kansas boun- 
dary to the Oklahoma line, marking the route of the 
homeseekers. Everything was planned in advance. The 
Government functionaries were waiting in the land offices 
in Oklahoma. The town sites had been selected and 
named. Guthrie, destined to be the capital, named in 
honor of a citizen of Kansas, had its thousands of fore- 
ordained citizens, as did other townsites. 

308. The Race. — A multitude of people gathered on 
the line, some in vehicles of varied description, some 
mounted on the fleet-footed race horse, others on the wiry 
prairie pony. A troop of United States cavalry was 
drawn up in front. Just as the sun touched the noon meri- 
dian, a bugle sounded, like a call to arms, the cavalrymen 
moved forward, wheeled to the right and left to clear 
the way, and the occupying wave, made up of 40,000 



230 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

human beings, swept into Oklahoma. There was a mo- 
ment of peril at the line, and then the mass opened out 
like a fan, and all were safe. From Arkansas City six 
great railroad trains, carrying 6,000 people, moved in the 
evening into the new country. It was estimated that the 
population of Kansas was diminished by 50,000. But 
Kansas is like the wondrous bush in the wilderness of old, 
burning, but never consumed. 

309. Monument to General Grant.— On the 17th of 
September at Fort Leavenworth the first monument 
erected in the United States in memory of General Grant 
was unveiled. The statue is by Lorado Taft. George R. 
Peck delivered on the occasion an impressive dedicatory 
address. 

310. Death of John A. Martin.— On the 2d of October, 
1889, John A. Martin, tenth Governor of Kansas, died at 
Atchison. He came to Kansas from Pennsylvania, his 
native state, in 1857, his eighteenth year, and soon became 
editor and proprietor of the "Atchison Champion." Mr. 
Martin was distinguished as a Kansas journalist, states- 
man and soldier from his early youth. He was secretary 
of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, and a 
member of the first State Senate. 

311. Honorable David J. Brewer, Associate Justice. — 
On January 6, 1890, Honorable David J. Brewer was 
sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of 
the United States. Judge Brewer for years had occupied 
the District and Supreme Court bench of Kansas, and 
his choice to the highest court of the nation was regarjied 
as an honor paid the State. 




POLITICAL CHANGES. 231 

312. Chancellor of the State University. — The choice 
of Professor Francis Huntington Snow, in 1890, as Chan- 
cellor of the Kansas State University, 

brought to the head of the institu- 
tion a man learned in many things, 
and especially in that which pertained 
to Kansas. Chancellor Snow began 
his w^ork in the University in 1866, 
and employed the years to study 
matters of interest in Kansas. His 
appointment was a reward for years 
of earnest service. 

Chancellor F. H. Snow, Uni- 

313. Completion of Land Sale by ^^^^^^ty of Kansas. 
Santa Fe. — The land agents of the Atchison, Topeka and 
Santa Fe Railroad Company held a meeting in Topeka 
to mark the close of the great land selling enterprise of 
that company, which was carried on for nearly twenty 
years, and which had disposed of an empire. The sys- 
tem by which millions of acres passed from the hands 
of the Government, and of a corporation, into the pos- 
session and ownership of individuals, with scarcely a 
trace of friction, was a business miracle. 

It was announced, in 1890, that Kansas Division, Union 
Pacific, was the only railroad company having any por- 
tion of its original grant for sale. 

314. Original Package Case. — The controversy be- 
tween the advocates and opposers of the Prohibition Law 
increased in ])itterness during this administration. The 
former were greatly enraged by the sudden appearance 
in the State, at many different points, of liqaor stores, 
acting, as they claimed, under the authority of a decision 



232 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

of the United States Supreme Court, in what was called, 
the Original Package Case. The Court, or a majority, 
three justices dissenting, held that intoxicating liquors 
formed an article of commerce to be transported like 
any other article, and that no State had the power to 
prevent the importation of liquors in unbroken, original 
packages. 

315. Wilson Bill. — The excitement caused was great. 
Large public meetings were held to denounce the original 
package saloons; the keepers were in some instances 
ordered out of town; in some cases the liquors were 
shipped, by the citizens, back whence they came. Many 
of the liquor/ sellers were arrested as violators of the 
law, but were usually discharged by the courts by virtue 
of the Supreme Court decision. At last remedial legisla- 
tion was sought. Congress was appealed to, and the re- 
sult was the passage of the ''Anti-Original Package 
Law," or the Wilson Bill, which established the right of 
a State to exercise its police power over any articles sent 
into it, whether in the original packages or otherwise. 
This ended one form of attempt to do, in the State of 
Kansas, that which the State says shall not be done. 

316. The Eleventh Census.— In 1890 the eleventh cen- 
sus of the United States was taken. The population of 
Kansas, as published by the Government Census Depart- 
ment, was placed at 1,427,096. 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE 'S PAETY. 

317. The Farmers' Alliance. — The Farmers' Alliance, 
which had attained prominence, in 1889, as a secret and 
social organization composed of farmers, and devoted to 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 233 

the interests of all agriculturists, and admitting to its 
membership men and women, became, in 1890, an active 
political force. 

. The impelling and controlling sentiment that led to the 
organization of the Alliance, was the belief that in the 
conduct of government, and the making of laws, the farm- 
ing, and, indeed, the laboring classes generally, had been 
neglected or discriminated against; that capital was 
allowed undue weight; that corporations were allowed 
full sweep for unjust, avaricious and oppressive disposi- 
tion, and escaped their just burden of taxation ; that the 
loaner of money had all the advantage in his transac- 
tions with the borrower; the mortgagee of the mort- 
gagor; and that a Government originally designed on 
the basis of the freedom and equality of all men, had 
become perverted. 

318. Measures Urged. — The Farmers' Alliance urged 
measures of relief for the debtor class; a stay law for a 
period of two years; various measures for the benefit of 
mortgagors, and for the help of the shipper and the 
passenger as against the railroad companies, who, it was 
claimed, were deriving an exorbitant income from their 
rates, at the expense of the public. 

The Alliance asked for a law requiring land sold under 
foreclosure to bring the amount of the judgment and 
costs; a law that should make the State Railroad Com- 
missioners elective by the people ; that should make United 
States Senators elective by the people, and various enact- 
ments and regulations that should give the people the 
opportunity to exercise their power directly, rather than 
by delegated agents. 



234 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

The complaint of all might be summed up as too much 
taxation; too much mortgage; too much reign of the 
rich; too little consideration of the poor; too much debt. 
The county indebtedness of Kansas had doubled in the 
ten years between 1880 and 1890. 

319. A New Party. — While there were some dis- 
avowals of any intention on the part of the Alliance, 
separately or collectively, to take action after the manner 
of a political party, it was quite impossible that it should 
happen otherwise. Many local Alliances declared their 
intention to act together in support of certain political 
tenets, and particularly in opposition to certain political- 
leaders of the old parties. A new party seemed inevi- 
table. 

320. The Populist Party. — At a convention assembled 
at Topeka, June 12, 1890, delegates representing the 
Farmers' Alliance, the Industrial Union, the Patrons of 
Husbandry, the Knights of Labor, the Farmers' Mutual 
Benefit Association, and the Single Tax Clubs, organized 
the People's Party, as it called itself in the State of Kan- 
sas, or the Populist Party, as it came to be popularly 
designated. Hon. B. H. Clover, president of the Farmers' 
Alliance, was chairman of the convention at which the 
People's Party was organized. 

321. The Election of 1890.— At the State election in 
November, 1890, four tickets were placed in the field. 
The Republican was headed by Governor Humphrey, who 
was nominated for re-election ; the Democratic was 
headed by ex-Governor Charles Robinson; the People's 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 235 

Party, by John F. Willitts, and the Prohibitionists were 
led by Rev. A. M. Richardson. Governor Humphrey was 
re-elected. The People's Party elected a large number of 

State legislators. 

THE LEGISLATUEE OF 1891. 

322. The Election of United States Senator.— The Leg- 
islature began its session on January 13. As the adhe- 
rents of the new People's or Farmers' Alliance Party 
were in control of the Lower House and of both Houses 
on joint ballot, the proceedings of the session were 
watched by the public with great interest. On the 28th 
of January, Wm. A. Peffer received 101 votes for United 
States Senator, and was declared elected. Senator Ingalls 
retired from an honorable service of eighteen years in 
the United States Senate, over which he was for four 
years the presiding officer and where he had been a promi- 
nent figure in the Nation's affairs. 

323. Acts of the Legislature. — Important acts of the 
session provided a system of law for the promotion of 
irrigation; declared that all natural waters, whether 
standing or running, and whether surface or subter- 
raneaUj in that portion of the State west of the ninety- 
ninth meridian, should be devoted, first, to purposes of 
irrigation in aid of agriculture subject to ordinary domes- 
tic uses, and second, to other industrial purposes, and 
might be diverted from the natural beds, basins, or 
channels for such purposes and uses. 

Eight hours was declared to constitute a day's work 
for all laborers, workmen, mechanics, or other persons 



236 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

employed by or in behalf of the State, or by or in behalf 
of any county, city, township, or other municipality of 
the State. The first Monday in September of each year 
was declared a >legal holiday to be known as Labor Day. 
Associations and unions of workingmen were protected 
in their labels, trademarks, and forms of advertising. 
A law was enacted to prevent ownership of land by non- 
resident aliens or corporations, incorporated under the 
laws of any foreign country. Provision was made for 
submitting to the people at the November election in 
1892 the question whether a convention should be called 
to revise, amend, or change the State Constitution. ^ 

324. Appropriations of the Session. — Sixty thousand 
dollars was appropriated to continue the construction of 
the main building and wings of the State House. An 
appropriation of $3,500 was made to establish an experi- 
ment station at the State University, to propagate the 
contagion or infection supposed to be destructive to 
chinch bugs, and to furnish it to farmers free of charge. 
The sum of $60,000 was appropriated to purchase seed 
grain for those farmers who lost their crop by reason 
of the drought of 1890. This Legislature also accepted 
the provisions of an Act of Congress granting aid for 
the endowment and support of colleges of agriculture 
and the mechanic arts. 

335. Chancellor Snow's Discovery. — Not only are the 
Kansas beasts of the field and the fowls of the air objects 

2. The people of the State defeated the proposition to change the State 
Constitution as dangerous to the prohibition clause. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 237 

of ceaseless study and report, but the insects, especially 
those noxious and harmful to the husbandman, are under 
constant surveillance. One result of this is historical. 

In 1888, "Professor Snow, of the State University, 
learned that the chinch bugs of the State were dying of 
a disease characterized by the appearance of a white or 
gray fungus. This was the first discovery. He next dis- 
covered that the disease was infectious, that it might be 
communicated by infected to healthy bugs. This was the 
second discovery, and a Kansas newspaper volunteered 
the information that Professor Snow would send the in- 
fectious material on application. Within a few days 
Professor Snow received requests from nine different 
States. 

The discovery was followed up with true Kansas ardor. 
Thousands of packages of the infection were distributed 
over the 'State, and reports received from thousands of 
experimenters. The Legislature of 1891 made an appro- 
priation in aid of Professor Snow's experimental station 
at the University. In 1894, 8,000 packages of the infec- 
tion were sent out to individual farmers in Kansas, Mis- 
souri and Oklahoma. In the meantime the States of 
Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois had followed the 
example of Kansas, and had established their own dis- 
tributing stations. The general result of the labor and 
investigation kept up for years, was, that the farmer may 
possess a partial, if not entire, protection against one of 
the most destructive of the enemies of his fields. 

326. Discovery of Alfalfa. — One of the discoveries of 
agricultural Kansas for the year 1891 was that of alfalfa. 



238 HisTOEY OF Kansas. 

In the spring of that year the secretary of the State 
Board of Agriculture received such reports of its value 
that he arranged a place for it in his statistical rolls, and 
the assessors were requested to give the acreage of alfalfa 
separate from other tame grasses. Alfalfa had been cul- 
tivated in the old world more than 2,000 years, and was 
introduced into Mexico and South America by the Span- 
iards. In 1854 it was brought from Chili to California, 
whence it spread to the states of the Rocky Mountains, 
and later the Central West. 

327. Relief for Russia. — The settlers from Russia, lo-. 
cated in Ellis County, in view of the great famine pre- 
vailing in the districts of Russia, whence they came, sent 
$10,000 to the suffering, and an agent to bring a party 
of over 300 families of their countrypeople to Kansas. 

328. John A. Anderson, United States Consul. — In 

February, 1891, John A. Anderson, of Kansas, was con- 
firmed as United States Consul-General to Egypt. He 
was destined never to behold his native land again. He 
died at Liverpool, England, while returning to the United 
States on leave. He was a man of striking character and 
force of purpose, who made his mark as President of the 
State Agricultural College, and afterwards represented 
Kansas in Congress for five terms. Mr. Anderson was 
one of Kansas' most efficient statesmen. No man from 
the State ever did better work in the National House of 
Representatives. One of the laws of which he was author 
is the two-cent postage law. 

329. Colonel N. S. Goss.— Colonel N. S. Goss fell dead 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 



239 




Colonel N. S. Goss. 



of heart disease, at Neosho Falls, where he was visiting 
friends, on the 10th of March, 1891. He was an old resi- 
dent of Kansas, a man of business and 
fortune, and an ornithologist of rare 
attainments. The passion of his life 
was the study and collection of birds. 
In his pursuit he ranged from Labra- 
dor to Guatemala, and on his death 
left to the State the fine collection of 
birds, all mounted and arranged by 
himself, which is preserved in the 
State Capitol at Topeka, and is known 
as the "Goss Ornithological Collection." The last work 
of Colonel Goss' life was the publication of "Birds of 
Kansas," a work of great value, embodying the labors and 
personal observations of years, and standing alone in the 
Kansas literature of its class. 

330. Death of Preston B. Plumb.— On December 20, 
1891, Preston B. Plumb, United States Senator from Kan- 
sas, died after a brief illness, caused by overwork, at 
Washington, D. C. The vacancy in the United States 
Senate occasioned by the death of Senator Plumb was 
filled on the 1st of January, 1892, by the appointment by 
Governor Humphrey of Hon. Bishop W. Perkins, making 
the third time in the history of the State when this office 
had been filled by appointment of the Governor. Mr. 
Perkins had served three years in the Army of the Union, 
in line and staff positions ; and in Kansas on the judicial 
bench and in the lower House of Congress. 

331. Election of 1892.— The year 1892 was the year 
of a Presidential election, a political year, and business 



240 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

was affected in Kansas, as in all the rest of the country. 
In Kansas the political revolution was made complete. 
The entire People's Party State ticket was elected. 
Lorenzo D. Lewelling became Governor. The candidates 
at the head of the other State tickets were as follows: 
Republican, A. W. Smith; Prohibition, I. 0. Pickering. 
The Democratic Party united with the People's Party. 
Grover Cleveland was elected President on the National 
ticket. 



Eeview Questions. — What was the burden of Eetiring Gov- 
ernor Martin's message to the Legislature of 1889? — What aflflietion 
other than drouth and failure of crops did the pioneer suffer from? — 
What law was enacted as a result of Governor Martin's message? — 
Eelate the history of the Girls ' Industrial School. — Tell of the manu- 
facture of sugar and the encouragement given it by the Legislature. — 
Give an estimate of the value of the agricultural and the mineral pro- 
ductions of Humphrey's Administration. — Tell of the opening of 
Oklahoma. — How did it affect Kansas? — What State erected the first 
monument to General Grant, and who was the sculptor? — What noted 
Kansan delivered the dedicatory address? — What national recognition 
came to a Kansan during Governor Humphrey's Administration? — 
When did Dr. Snow become chancellor of the State University? — See 
his biography for an account of his service. — What was the Original 
Package Case? — What measure was passed to control it? — Tell of the 
development of the People 's Party. — What were the results of the 
election of 1890 and of the senatorial election of 1891? — Name some 
interesting acts of the Legislature of 1891. — What important dis- 
covery was made by Chancellor Snow during this administration? — 
Give the history of alfalfa. — What famous men died during this 
administration? 

Cyclone at Harper and Wellington. — On the 27th of May, 1892, the 
towns of Harper and Wellington were visited by a tornado, and ten per- 
sons killed, a large number wounded, and a vast amount of property 
destroyed. The storm was amons: the most destructive of the manv which 
have visited the State, and excited special horror from the fact that the 
fatal bolt was sped after nightfall. 

Science and the Cyclone. — What has been called the "Kansas cyclone" 
is not peculiar to Kansas, but has been known in all parts of the United 
States ; more especially in the great area between the Allegheny and 
Rocky mountains. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

GOVERNOE LEWELLING'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1893—1895. 

332. Inauguration of the Executive. — Governor Lewel- 
ling was inaugurated on the 9th of January, 1893. 

333. Organization of the Senate. — On the 10th a Leg- 
islature assembled which was destined to a stormy, and 
at times anxious existence. The Senate was organized 
under the presidency of the Lieutenant-Governor, Percy 
Daniels, at twelve o'clock. The Populists had a majority 
in the Senate. 



THE LEGISLATIVE WAR. 

334. Attempted Organization of the House. — As shown 
by the certificates of election, the Republicans had a 
majority in the House, but the Popu- 
lists claimed a majority, contending 
that fraudulent measures had been 
used in the election of 1892. The 
members of the House assembled in 
the hall; both parties claimed the 
right to organize the House, and the 
contest began. R. S. Osborn, Secre- 
tary of State, appeared and stated 
that he did not wish to deliver the 

241 




Governor Lewelling. 



242 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

roll of members certified as elected by the State Board 
of Canvassers, in the absence of a presiding officer. A 
motion that the Secretary of State preside temporarily 
was objected to, and he departed, taking the roll with 
him. Both parties then proceeded to organize the House, 
the Republicans electing George L. Douglas Speaker, and 
the Populists, J. M. Dunsmore. Both Speakers occupied 
the same desk, and during the first night slept under the 
same blanket on the floor in the rear of the Speaker's 
desk, each one with a gavel in his hand. 

335. Dunsmore House Recognized. — On the third day 
of the session. Governor Lewelling recognized the Duns- 
more, or Populist, House as the legal body, and on the 
fourth day the Senate took the same action, the Repub- 
lican Senators formally protesting. The two contending 
bodies continued to sit on different sides of Representa- 
tive Hall for some days. In time, an arrangement was 
made by which one body met in the forenoon and the 
other in the afternoon. Numerous attempts were made 
by various parties to effect a settlement, but in vain. On 
the 17th of January Governor Lewelling sent in his mes- 
sage to the Senate, where it was read, and to the Populist 
House, which ordered it printed. 

336. Election of United States Senator. — On January 
25, in the midst of the disturbances, the Senate and House 
met in joint session, presided over by Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Daniels. John Martin received eighty-six votes, and 
was declared elected United States Senator. The Repub- 
lican members held a joint session, and gave Joseph W. 
Ady seventy-seven votes. The United States Senate 
seated John Martin. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 243 

337. The Arrest of Sergeant-at-Arms. — In order to get 
the subject before the Supreme Court, L. C. Gunn was 
arrested by a sergeant-at-arms of the Republican House 
on a charge of neglecting to obey a mandate of that 
body. Mr. Gunn asked to be discharged on the ground 
that the Republican House was not the lawful House of 
Representatives and had no authority to order his arrest. 

338. Contest for the Hall. — While this case was pend- 
ing, stirring events were destined to occur. On the 14th 
of February an attempt was made by two deputy ser- 
geants-at-arms of the Republican House to arrest Ben 
C. Rich, Chief Clerk of the Populist House, on a charge 
of ''contempt." After a sharp scuffle, Mr. Rich was res- 
cued by his friends, and soon after appeared in triumph 
in the Populist House. Governor Lewelling directed the 
Adjutant-General to call out a company of militia if 
necessary. On the night of the 14th, the officers of the 
Populist House barricaded the door of the Hall of Rep- 
resentatives. On the morning of the 15th, the Republican 
House, headed by their Speaker, appeared, thrust aside 
the outer guards, smashed in the door with a sledge 
hammer, entered and took possession. 

339. The Douglas House Besieged. — Governor Lewel- 
ling called out several companies of State militia; guns 
were brought out of the State arsenal ; a gatling gun 
and artillerists were ordered from Wichita. On the other 
side, Sheriff Wilkinson, of Shawnee County, who had de- 
clined a summons from both Speaker Dunsmore and the 
Governor, announced himself as the regular custodian of 
the peace of the county, marched a force of deputies into 
the State House, and joined the large force of sergeants- 



244 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

at-arms of the Republican House. The Republican House 
was, in a sense, beleaguered, but was supplied with pro- 
visions passed through the lines. 

340. Close of the Contest. — The siege was not destined 
to last long. On the 16th Governor Lewelling appeared, 
and requested that the force occupying the Hall of Rep- 
resentatives turn it over to him for the night. This was 
refused. A committee of citizens of Topeka besought the 
Republican House to yield, and avoid a bloody contest 
with the militia. This proposition was received with in- 
difference. Negotiations finally resulted in an agreement, 
on the 17th, that the Republican House should continue 
to hold the hall; that the Populist House should meet 
elsewhere ; that the deputies and the militia should retire, 
and that the proceedings against Chief Clerk Rich should 
be abandoned. This ended what has been called the 
"Legislative War" of 1893, in which, happily, no lives 
were lost. It is earnestly hoped that such an occurrence 
will never happen again in the State. 

341. Decision of the Supreme Court. — On the 25th the 
decision of the Supreme Court in the Gunn case was ren- 
dered. Chief Justice Horton affirmed the constitution- 
ality of the Republican House, in which view Associate 
Justice Johnston concurred, and from which Associate 
Justice Allen dissented. 

342. The House Organized.— On the 28th of February, 
the late Populist House appeared, headed by the ser- 
geant-at-arms carrying the American flag, and spread 
upon the record their formal protest. The two Houses 
then became the one House of Representatives of the 
State of Kansas. An eye-witness remarks of the appear- 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 245 

ance of Topeka during the "Legislative War": "No 
other capital city on earth could have passed through 
such a scene of conflict without serious loss of life, and, 
it is also likely, great destruction of property. The 
absence of the saloon is the chief explanation." 

343. The State University Library Building.— In 1893 
the Regents of the Kansas State University decided to 
devote the bequest of $90,000, given to the University 
by Mr. William B. Spooner, of Boston, to the erection of 
the fine fireproof library building of the University, which 
bears Mr. Spooner 's name.^ 

KANSAS AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

344. The Kansas Building. — At the World's Columbian 
Exposition in Chicago, in celebration of the discovery of 
America, Kansas took her part among her sister states. 
The Kansas State Building, which was a very beautiful 
one, was located near the Fifty-seventh Street entrance 
and in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, a reduced copy of 
the home of Washington, presented by the State of Vir- 
ginia. On the opening of the festivities of Kansas Week, 

2. On the occasion of the dedication of the Spooner Library, in 1894, 
Hon. D.. W. Wilder wrote : "It is now too late to accept your kind invi- 
tation. I should be the only guest, probably, who had seen Mr. Spooner, 
and seen him a great many times. I was a schoolboy, the son of an anti- 
slavery father. I attended many meetings of the anti-slavery folks, a 
very small band. Not one person in ten thousand. in Boston, in those 
days, forty-six years ago, was an avowed Abolitionist. Some of the 
meetings, in the days of mobs and violence, had a few dozen of the fear- 
less and faithful present. The stalwart figure of the sincere and fearless 
Wm. B. Spooner was always to be seen. Sometimes he spoke. No doubt, 
he always helped the feeble cause with his purse, as well as his voice and 
influence. One unknown boy will never forget his face, his person, bis 
heroism. Ho was as true as his friends. Garrison and Phillips. 

"Let the young men and women of Kansas, who now enjoy the gift of 
this noble man, remember that it comes from a pioneer in the cause of 
freedom, the cause that made for them a new and glorious country. And 
let the books upon the shelves of the Spooner Library give a true history 
of the anti-slavery conflict." 



246 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

Governor Lewelling, representing the State, responded 
most excellently to the gracious address of welcome by 
the president of the Exposition. 

345. The Woman's Department. — The Woman's De- 
partment had a room allotted to it in the Kansas Building, 
but woman's taste, skill, and industry were in evidence 
in all of the rooms, and in all, the pioneer woman, the 
first woman, who builded with the others in laying the 
foundations of the State, was represented by the work of 
her toiling hands. 

346. Educational Exhibit. — The educational exhibit of 
Kansas was extensive, representing an expenditure of 
$12,000. The Kansas schools of all grades, from the 
common schools to the great State institutions, made a 
remarkable showing in the immense exhibition, which in 
the Liberal Arts Building alone covered four acres of 
wall and floor space. It seemed that everything that 
brain and hand may accomplish in the schoolroom was 
exhibited. 

347. Collection of Professor Dyche. — In the annex to 
the main building was displayed the great collection of 
Professor Dyche, of the State University, comprising 121 
specimens of North American mammals, occupying an 
artificial landscape of rock and ravine, mountains and 
prairie and swamp, extending apparently into the indefi- 
nite distance. Prominent, of course, was the mighty 
buffalo, once lord of the Kansas plain. The bison was 
presented as in life and death ; standing in defiance, and 
overcome by a gang of snarling wolves. Standing near 
the former rangers of the plains and mountains, was the 
horse, ''Comanche," who, pierced with many wounds, 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 247 

survived Custer's fight at the Little Big Horn, and passed 
his last years in honorable ease at Fort Riley. After his 
death, -which occurred in his thirty-first year, he was 
mounted in the taxidermic laboratory of the Kansas State 
University, with the understanding that he might be 
shown at the AVorld's Fair. 

348. Agricultural Exhibit. — The main agricultural ex- 
hibition was made in a special pavilion in the Agricultural 
Building, near the great displays of North Dakota and 
California. A remarkably ornate style of wall decoration 
was employed. Corn, w^heat, oats, all the grasses, and 
the seeds thereof, made up innumerable designs, and in 
every possible gradation of color, while the word "Kan- 
sas" shone everywhere wreathed in roses and shaped of 
bold sunflowers. The structure might well have served 
in the old time as the temple of the goddess Ceres. 

The horticultural, live-stock, dairy, forest^ and mining 
exhibits were all very creditable. Rock salt was present 
in the mining exhibit in beauty and plenty, and visitors 
took away specimens with the information that Kansas 
had salt enough to supply the world for a million years. 

349. The Year 1894. — There was much unrest among 
the laboring classes during the year of 1894. Strikes Avere 

8. "'The treeless and unwatered plains sent the biggest walnut log to 
the World's Fair, and have a subterranean flow that is capable of irri- 
gating an area more fertile and extensive than the Valley of the Nile. 
The indescribable splendor of the palaces of the Exposition, with their 
white domes and pinnacles, and statues and colonnades, and terraces and 
towers, came from the cement qiiarries of the Saline and the Smoky Hill. 
And this is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. Much 
less than one-half the surface of the State has been broken by the plough. 
Its resources have been imperfectly explored. It has developed at random. 
Science will hereafter reinforce the energies of nature, and the achieve- 
ments of the past will pale into insignificance before the completed glory 
of the century to come." — John J. Ingalls. 

4. Collectors of fos.sil remains in Kansas have for years enriched 
museums with valuable specimens. Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, of Law- 



248 HISTOBY OF KANSAS. 

reported, especially among the coal miners and railroad 
men. Another evidence of the popular discontent was 
the marching of the ''Coxey Army," a crowd of unem- 
ployed men from the different states. The army marched 
to Washington to petition Congress and the President. 

350. Oil and Gas Discovery. — The greatest discovery 
and development in Kansas, in 1894, was in the oil and 
gas field. Nineteen flowing wells were reported in Wilson 
County. A Pennsylvania Company, exploring in that 
region, stated that of twenty-one wells which they had 
bored, but two were valueless. The Neodesha wells were 
said to be equal to those of Lima, Ohio. Oil and gas were 
struck at Sedan, Thayer, Cherryvale, and other places, 
but the Neodesha field remained the most important. 

351. Educational Report. — TJie reports of Commis- 
sioner Harris, of the Bureau of Education, showed that 
Kansas had the greatest proportional school enrollment 
of any State in the Union, the per cent being 87.66. The 
next States in order were : Maine, 87.12 ; Iowa, 86.33 ; 
South Dakota, 81.04. The per cent in New York was 
'70.40. The large proportion of the attendance to the 
enrollment in .the schools of Kansas shows the interest 
felt by the people of the State in education. Kansas 
received its earlier and later settlers from the States in 
the Union in which a system of free public schools was 
earliest established and has been most successfully main- 
tained. The common school in Kansas is a heritage from 

rence, found in 1894, in the northeast part of Lane County, a bed of 
fossils containing nearly the entire skeleton of the hairy mammoth, similar 
to that found in Siberia, and preserved in St. Petersburg, a cast of which 
was exhibited at the World's Fair. Over 150 elephants' teeth, formed part 
of Mr. Sternberg's discovery. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 249 

the oldest and best educated communities of the United 
States. 

352. Death of Prominent Men.— In the year 1894 Kan- 
sas parted with two faithful friends, guides and advisers, 
who had both held the helm of the ship of State in the 
early part of her voyage. They were Ex-Governors 
Charles Robinson and James M. Harvey. 

353. Election of 1894.— In November, 1894, the Repub- 
licans succeeded in turning the tide which had so strongly 
set against them in previous years, and elected Edmund 
N. Morrill, Governor. The Populists renominated Gov- 
ernor Lewelling; I. 0. Pickering led the Prohibition 
ticket, and David Overmeyer the Democratic ticket. At 
this election the constitutional amendment, conferring on 
women the full exercise of suffrage, was defeated, the 
vote standing 95,300 votes for, to 130,139 votes against. 

Eeview Questions. — Tell the story of the Legislative War. — 
What magnificent gift came to the State University during Lewell- 
ing 's Administration? — What anniversary did the Columbian Expo- 
sition celebrate? — What part did Kansas take in the exposition? — 
What two prominent men died during this administration? — How did 
the Kansas Educational Eeport of this term compare with that of 
other States? — What most significant item did the report contain? 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



GOVEENOE MOEEILL'S ADMINISTEATION. 

1895—1897. 

354. The Legislature of 1895.— The Legislature of 1895 
was Republican on joint ballot, and elected Lucien Baker, 
of Leavenworth, United States Senator, as the successor 
of John Martin in the ''Lane line." 

355. Legislative Acts. — The Legislature did not in- 
dulge in novel or excessive measures. The principal acts 
were the establishment of appellate 
courts to relieve the pressure of busi- 
ness on the Supreme Court, and the 
appropriation of $30,000 for experi- 
ments in irrigation. Three thousand 
dollars was also appropriated to buy 
coal for destitute settlers in the west- 
ern portion of the State. A concur- 
rent resolution was adopted, asking 
that the statue of John Brown be Governor e. n. Mormi. 
placed, as representing Kansas, in the Statuary Hall of 
the Capitol at Washington. Congress refused to grant 
the request. 

356. Irrigation. — The State entered the business of 
irrigation in accordance with the Act of the Legislature 
of 1891. In June the State irrigation plant at Goodland 

250 




POLITICAL CHANGES. 251 

was given a public trial. The thirteenth and last of the 
State plants was located at Dodge City in July. The 
Board of Irrigation, appointed by the Legislature, dur- 
ing its existence of two years, instituted an extensive 
series of experiments, mostly in the western portion of 
the State, boring thirteen wells to different depths, and 
testing various pumps and motive powers. The wells 
were sunk at likely and unlikely places, in the low 
grounds, on the high plateaus, and in the sand hills. 
In the County of Sherman 150 reservoirs for irrigating 
purposes were constructed in the year 1895. Both north- 
western and southwestern Kansas were included in the 
State's experiments, and a great stimulus was given the 
cause of irrigation in those sections. The search for an 
underground supply of water for domestic and irrigating 
purposes has resulted in the discovery in central Kansas 
of what seems a subterranean river, with a slow but 
defined flow, and apparently exhaustless in quantity. 

357. Natural Gas at lola. — In the matter of resources 
the chief development in Kansas was that of natural gas, 
the lola gas field coming into line with the Neodesha oil 
field. Natural gas was first discovered at lola in boring 
for coal to a great depth in 1871. Fifteen years later 
came the discovery of the gas fields of Indiana and Ohio, 
and the grand results which these states achieved in 
building up manufacturing centers proved the incentive 
by which the people of lola were induced to make efforts 
to test the prospects shown in the Acers well. 

Near the end of 1895, a great natural gas well was 
opened. The gas rushed upward with a roar as if a 
hundred locomotives were letting off steam at once. The 



252 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

gas territory has since developed over an area of some 
eighty square miles. Great flows have been struck at 
LaHarpe and Gas City. Twenty-nine wells have been 
drilled, which furnish fuel, for zinc smelters, many manu- 
factories, and fuel and light for the city of lola. 

When Thomas Watson, the "middle-of-the-road" Pop- 
ulist candidate for Vice-President, visited lola, in Sep- 
tember, 1896, ten million cubic feet of gas were consumed 
in honor of the event. 

358. Weather Phenomena. — The year 1895 was re- 
markable for the variability of the Kansas temperature. 
In January the mercury was sixteen degrees below zero ; 
in February eighteen degrees ; persons froze to death at 
Newton, New Basle and Chanute, and three Stanton 
County children perished. On the 9th of May the mer- 
cury was ninety-three degrees above zero, on the 12th 
there were hard frosts. There was much complaint of 
suffering and need in the western counties. The State 
Normal students contributed to the relief of the desti- 
tute, and cities and counties over the State sent generous 
donations. The Eailroad Commissioners furnished 10,000 
bushels of corn for seed, and the State shipped in large 
quantities of coal. 

359. The Enforcement of Law. — The Prohibitory Law 
and the matter of its enforcement was an absorbing sub- 
ject in the State in 1895 and '96. Loyal citizens worked 
most faithfully to secure effectual prohibition. The courts 

The State was visited by severe cyclones, costing several lives. The 
most fatal in their effect were those at Clifton, in April, and Seneca, in 
May. The month of May again seemed the month most subject to these 
storms. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 253 

served well. In many places violators of the law suf- 
fered very severe penalties. The sentiment that the law 
can and must be enforced extended generally over the 
State. 

360. Monuments to Kansas Heroes. — On May 30, 

1895, Decoration Day, a monument was dedicated in the 
cemetery at Topeka, to the memory of the men of the 
Second Kansas State Militia, Shawnee County Regiment, 
who fell in the battle of the Blue, in October, 1864. The 
remains of the brave militiamen were removed to Topeka 
in 1866, but the graves were only slightly marked. The 
monument reared at this time was the gift of Mr. G. G. 
Gage, of Topeka, who served in the Second Regiment and 
was taken prisoner at the Blue. At Lawrence a monu- 
ment was dedicated to those slain in the Quantrill raid. 
At Frankfort a monument to the Union soldiers buried 
there was unveiled. 

360a. Death of Ex-Governor Anthony. — Ex-Governor 
George T. Anthony died at Topeka, August 5, 1896. He 
was a man of sterling worth and served Kansas to his 
own honor and to the State's best welfare. 

361. Daughters of the American Revolution. — The 

first Kansas chapter of the Daughters of the American 
Revolution was organized in 1896. The purpose of the 
organization is "to perpetuate the memory of the spirit 
of the men and women who achieved American Inde- 
pendence; 'to promote as an object of primary impor- 
tance institutions for the development of knowledge'; to 
cherish, maintain and extend the institutions of American 



254 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

freedom; to foster true patriotism and love of country, 
and to aid in securing for mankind all the blessings of 
liberty." 

This society has done much in commemorating his- 
torical events in Kansas. The Topeka chapter has placed 
a tablet with suitable inscription in the sidewalk in front 
of Old Constitutional Hall, where the Topeka constitu- 
tion was framed. It has also placed a tablet in the walls 
of the building, marking the site of the first log cabin in 
Topeka, and so on through a long list of good deeds. 

362. Issues Before the People. — The year 1896 was 
devoted in Kansas, as in the other states of the Union, 
to political discussion and action. The national conven- 
tions of the great political parties met, framed their 
platforms, and announced their candidates. The ques- 
tions before the people being largely financial — the "gold 
standard" as opposed to "free silver," and "free trade" 
as against "protection" — there was endless opportunity 
for discussion. In Kansas, the canvass, one of the most 
thorough and earnest ever made in the history of the 
State, was conducted principally by "home talent." 

363. The Election of 1896.— The political combinations 
during the summer resulted in the fusion of the Demo- 
cratic and People's parties, and Kansas cast her electoral 
vote for Bryan and Sewall. The Populist State and Con- 
gressional tickets were triumphant. John W. Leedy was 
elected Governor. The Republican candidate for re-elec- 
tion was Governor E. N. Morrill. Wm. McKinley was 
elected President of the United States on the National 
Republican ticket. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 255 

Eeview Questions. — Why did Congress refuse to place the 
statue of John Brown in Statuary Hall? — Would you be glad to 
have it there? — How did the Legislature of 1895 show its sympathy 
for the Western sufferers? — Tell of the work of irrigation in Kansas. 
— What great natural resource was discovered during this administra- 
tion? — How is the prohibitory law serving as time goes on? — What 
prominent man died during this administration? — How have the 
Daughters of the American Eevolution served the State? — What were 
the issues before the people in the campaign of 1896? 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

GOVEKNOR LEEDY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1897—1899. 

364. The Legislature of 1897. — The Legislative session 
of 1897 lasted sixty-seven days, being the longest on 
record in Kansas. January 26, the joint session of the 
Legislature elected Wm. A. Harris 
United States Senator. Mr. Harris 
had previously served in the House 
of Representatives. A bill for a uni- 
form system of text-books in public 
schools was made a law. The 29th 
of January was, in 1897, formally ob- 
served by both branches of the Leg- 
islature as "Kansas Dav." ^ x ^ rrr 

Governor John W. 

365. Text-Boox Commission.— For ^^^y- 

the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Text- 
Book Law there was created a School Text-Book Com- 
mission, consisting of eight members, appointed by the 
Governor by and with the consent of the Senate, not 
more than three of whom should be selected from any 
one political party. The State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction was made chairman ox-officio. 

366. Agricultural Conditions. — The carefully collated 
and very conservative statistics collected by the Secre- 
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, showed that the 
farm products of Kansas for the years 1897-98 amounted] 

256 




POLITICAL CHANGES. . 257 

in value to $288,259,056 ; which was a gain of $43,506,301, 
or nearly eighteen per cent over the preceding biennial 
period. The reports show an increase in the value of 
farm products in Kansas for every biennial period from 
1877-78 forward, except for 1885-86, and 1893-94. In 
other words, there were four unproductive years in 
twenty-one. With 1897 came increased signs of pros- 
perity, following a period of depression. It was estimated 
that Kansas raised, in 1897, enough wheat for every man, 
woman and child in the State ; to provide seed for the 
coming year, and to feed all of New England, New York,^ 
and Pennsylvania for twelve months. 

367. Mineral Products.— In April, 1897, a great oil 
refinery was built at Neodesha, and eighty-seven wells 
produced daily an average of four barrels of oil each. 
The stock of oil accumulated at Neodesha before the 
opening of the new refinery amounted to over 300,000 
barrels. Oil was piped from Neodesha to Chanute. Kan- 
sans began to buy, in quantity, Kansas oil. lola, Coffey- 
ville, Independence, Cherryvale, Paola, Neodesha, Osa- 
watomie, and Chanute were noted as producers of natural 
gas. 

Kansas was rated as the eighth State in the Union in 
the number of men employed in coal mining. The salt- 
producing capacity at Hutchinson was increased to over 
1,650,000 barrels per annum. 

368. Sons of the Revolution.— In February, 1897, the 
first Kansas chapter of the Sons of the Revolution was 
organized. The patriotic societies having an historical 
origin find a fertile soil in Kansas. The population 
is largely American, and a great number of families 



258 ' HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

trace their lineage to a Revolutionary, and even Colonial, 
ancestry. 

THE SPANISH-AMEEICAN WAE. 
DEWEY. 

O Dewey was the moi-ning 

Upon the first of May ; 
And Dewey was the admiral 
^ Down in Manila bay ; 

And Dewey were the Regent's eyes, 

"Them orbs" of Royal Blue : 
And Dewey feel discouraged? 

I Dew not think we Dew. 

Written by Eugene Ware upon hearing of Admiral Dewey's victory over 
the Spanish fleet at Manila. 

369. Kansas Patriotism. — In Kansas, peaceful and 
prosperous during the year 1898, the thought of the peo- 
ple was yet of war — the war with Spain. The event 
which created the most enthusiasm was the victory of 
Admiral Dewey at Manila, on the 1st of May, 1898. Kan- 
sas never before saw so many American flags unfurled 
as m honor of the triumph of the American navy. 

370. Colonel Fred Funston and Cuba. — Kansas people 
sympathized from the first with the Cubans in their strug- 
gle against the tyranny of Spain, and their knowledge 
of the situation was increased by the arrival from Cuba, 
in January, 1898, of Colonel Fred. Funston, a Kansas 
boy, a former student of the State University, with home 
and friends in Kansas. After a service of two years in 
the insurgent army in Cuba, he returned to his native 
State and spoke in many places on the incidents and the 
lessons of the Cuban w^ar for freedom. The people of 
Kansas were deeply moved by the sufferings of the hap- 
less Cuban non-combatants, by the starving to death of 
150,000 people, and by the evident determination of the 
Spanish to exterminate the Cuban race. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 269 

371. The Destruction of the Maine. — The treacherous 
destruction of the Maine, in the harbor of Havana, on 
February 15, 1898, stirred the indignation of the citizens 
of Kansas, as it did of all loyal Americans.^ They waited, 
however, the result of the investigation, and in the mean- 
time were generous participators in the effort to relieve 
the starving Cubans, especially at Mantanzas. 

372. Succession of Events. — The succession of events 
was watched with the most intense interest; the passage 
of the emergency bill, appropriating $50,000,000 for the 
defense of the United States ; the message of President 
MpKinley, with the Maine report; the President's mes- 
sage recommending the intervention of the L^nited States 
the passage by Congress of the intervention resolutions 
the submission of the President's ultimatum to Spain 
the beginning of the war by the act of Spain in breaking 
off diplomatic relations with us. Kansas, in every step 
for the protection of the honor of the United States, stood 
by the Government. 

373. Volunteers.— The President's call for 125,000 men 
was issued on the 23d of April. But Kansas had not 
waited for the call. On the 18th of April a company of 
eighty men marched to the office of Governor Leedy and 
offered their services for the war.- The Governor prom- 
ised to accept their service's on the first call. A tender 
was also made Secretary-of-War Alger by General Charles 
McCrum, of the Kansas National Guards, for any needed 
service at any time. 

1. The American battleship Maine, at anchor in Havana harbor, where 
it had heen sent on a peaceful mission and for the protection of American 
interests, was blown np. it is believed, by a Spanish mine, February 15, 
1898. Two officers and 264 of the crew were killed or drowned. 

2. When the call for volunteers came to Emporia the quota assigned 
to her was filled within four hours. 



260 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

The quota of Kansas when the call came was announced 
as 2,230 men. Governor Leedy summoned to his aid 
Colonel Fred. Funston, probably the only man in Kansas 
who had seen military service in Cuba, and the work of 
recruiting three regiments of volunteer infantry began 
at once.^ 

374. Patriotism of Kansas University and State Nor- 
mal. — The desire to enlist ran high among the young men 
of Kansas, and was manifested in the higher educational 
institutions. The council of the State University felt 
impelled to issue a circular, advising students to weigh 
the question well before enlisting, but stating that if they 
heard the voice of honor and their country's call, the 
benediction of their alma mater would be upon them. 
Members of the senior class enlisting were granted their 
diplomas without waiting for graduation. The State 
Normal School extended the same courtesy to its soldier- 
students. 

375. Camp Leedy. — It was soon announced that in 
Kansas the policy adopted in some of the States, of en- 
listing the National Guard organizations into the volun- 
teer service, would not be followed, but that the regi- 
ments would be raised without regard to existing militia 
organizations. Kecruiting offices were established at vari- 
ous points in the State, and after enrollment, companies 
went into quarters at, Camp Leedy, the State camp near 
Topeka, where the men were re-examined and mustered 
into the service of the United States. By the 5th of May 
two regiments were quartered at Camp Leedy. 

3. It is recorded that of the three white regiments recruited at Topeka, 
every volunteer signed his name himself in this list. This speaks well 
for the education of the Kansas people. 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 



261 




376. Joseph K. Hudson, Brigadier-GeneraL — On the 

27th of May, Major Joseph K. Hudson, who had won his 
title in the old Tenth Kansas and the Sixty-second United 
States Volunteers, was nominated as 
a Brigadier-General from Kansas. 

377. The Regiments.— It was de- 
cided that in numbering the regi- 
ments, allowance would be made for 
the seventeen regiments that Kansas 
raised in the Civil War, and for the 
two recruited afterwards to fight the 
Indians. Accordingly, the first Kan- 
Generai J. K. Hudson, g^s regiment enrolled in the war 
against Spain was numbered the Twentieth, a number 
that came to be heard of on both sides of the world. The 
Twentieth Kansas Volunteers was made up of twelve 
companies under command of Colonel Frederick Funston. 
The companies composing the Twenty-first Regiment were 
mustered on the 14th of May, with Colonel Thomas G. 
Fitch, commanding. The Twenty-second Regiment was 
mustered on the 17th of May, with Colonel Henry C. 
Lindsey commanding. 

378. To the Field.— On the 16th of May, 1898, the 
Twentieth Regiment broke camp at Topeka, and left for 
San Francisco, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 
Little, Colonel Funston having been called for a time to 
Washington. The Twenty-first was the next to leave, 
journeying to the great camp on the old field of Chicka- 
mauga, and after a brief interval, on the 25th of May, 
the Twenty-second left Camp Leedy for Camp Alger, 
near Falls Church, Va. Thus, by the 1st of June, Kansas 



262 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

had three regiments mustered into the service of the 
United States, and in camps of instruction. 

379. At the Camps.— The Twenty-first and Twenty- 
second found themselves camped in historic localities. 
"Camp Alger" was situated on the old plantation of Lord 
Fairfax, with which Washington was familiar when a 
young soldier, and Camp Thomas on the bloody field of 
Chickamauga in the old war. During the summer, re- 
cruiting officers visited Kansas on behalf of the Kansas 
regiments. In one day 100 men left Lawrence to join the 
Twentieth. 

380. Colored Troops. — On the 21st of June, Governor 
Leedy announced his intention of raising two battalions 
of colored troops, under the President's call for 25,000 
men. In the face of many predictions of its impossi- 
bility, the enlistn^ent of colored soldiers proceeded. By 
the 4th of July there were 400 men at Camp Leedy; two 
days later there were 550 men. Governor Leedy tele- 
graphed the War Department that two battlions were 
ready, and asked permission to raise a third. He was 
informed that the volunteers under the President's call 
had been entirely apportioned. Lieutenant-Colonel James 
M. Beck commanded this regiment. It was organized as 
the Twenty-third. 

381. The Twenty-third to Santiago. — The colored regi- 
ment, the Twenty-third, was the first to leave the soil 
of the United States. The regiment left Topeka August 
22, 1898, went directly to New York, and sailed on the 
Vigilencia for Santiago, arriving there 850 strong, in time 
to see the embarkation of the last of the Spanish troops 
for Spain. Within twenty-four hours the Twenty-third 



POLITICAL CHANGES. 263 

was loaded on a railroad train and transported to San 
Luis, an old Cuban town, where is was destined to remain 
until its return to the United States. 

382. The Twentieth Kansas to the Philippines. — The 
Twentieth Kansas Regiment sailed from San Francisco, 
Colonel Funston commanding, on the steamship ''Indi- 
ana," October 27, and on the "Newport," November 9, 
1898.* The ships arrived in Manila in the early days of 
December. 

383. The Home Coming.— "With the middle of August 
came the signing of the protocol and the evident end of 
the war with Spain.^ As the foe had disappeared, many 
of the enlisted men felt that their mission was completed. 
The first regiment to arrive at Fort Leavenworth was 
the Twenty-second, from Camp Meade, Middletown, Penn- 
sylvania. They were mustered out November 3, 1898. 
The Twenty-first Regiment was mustered out December 
10, 1898. The Twenty-third returned from Cuba and was 
mustered out April 10, 1899. While these regiments had 
done' no actual fighting in the field, they had waited pa- 
tiently in camp, had drilled in preparation and were 
ready, should their country call, to sacrifice their lives. 

By the terms of the enlistment the members of the 
Twentieth were entitled to their discharge papers when 
the treaty of peace was signed between the United States 

4. On the 8th of November, 1898, the Twentieth Kansas soldiers on 
board the Indiana went ashore at Honolulu and cast their votes in the 
National election. At San Francisco on the same day, the men of the 
First Battalion went to the polls immediately after going on board the 
Newport, and the day following, in company with the Wyoming Light 
Battery, set sail across the wide Pacific. 

5. On January 4, 1899, the definite treaty of peace between Spain 
and the United States, signed in I'aris, December 10, 1898, was trans- 
mitted to the Senate by President McKinley, and on February 6 was 
formally ratified. 



2M HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

and Spain, February 6, 1899. At that time, however, 
conditions were very serious in the Philippines on ac- 
count of the insurgent uprising, and the Kansas boys, 
filled with patriotism and love of country, waived their 
rights, and notified the War Department that they would 
remain in the field. 

384. Election of 1898.— At the election of 1898 William 
E. Stanley was the candidate of the Republican Party 
for Governor. John W. Leedy was the candidate of the 
United Democrat and Populist Parties. W. E.^ Stanley 
was elected. 

385. Special Session of the Legislature. — The close of 
the year 1898, and the opening of 1899, found a special 
session of the Legislature assembled, which had been 
convened by Governor Leedy on December 21, 1898, to 
adopt legislation regulating railroad companies, and for 
other purposes. There was some discussion in regard to 
the validity of this special session, which was, however, 
established by the State Supreme Court in the following 
February. 

Review Questions. — What important school legislation was 
enacted by the Legislature of 1897? — What is the work of the State 
Text Book Commission? — How many members compose it? — Note the 
progress of the oil industry. — What were the principal causes of the 
Spanish-American War? — How did Kansas respond to the call for 
volunteers? — Where were Camp Leedy, Camp Alger and Camp 
Thomas? — What regiments were organized in Kansas, and where did 
they serve? — How did the Twentieth show its patriotism at the close 
of the term for which it had volunteered? 



INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

GOVEENOR STANLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1899—1903. 

386. The Legislature of 1899.— The principal public 
acts of this Legislature were those providing for a tax 
levy sufficient to complete the State House, which had 
been thirty-three years in construction, and to build a 
third State Insane Asylum. A large appropriation was 
made to purchase a binding-twine plant for the State 
Penitentiary. 

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES. 

387. The Twentieth in the Philippines.— After the 

treaty of peace with Spain, and after President McKinley 
had declared that the United States was sovereign in the 
Philippines, Filipino insurgents, led 
by Aguinaldo, endeavored to disrupt 
that sovereignty and secure control 
Iftt^ I. of the islands themselves. Hostilities 

%^ *"* began February 4, 1899, at Manila. 

fP^ The Twentieth Kansas, led by Colonel 

^^mk ^ Funston, took an active part in the 

^Br ~- campaigns that followed, beginning 

in the defense of Manila and closing: 



Governor William E. TitItt 1 i 
Stanley. «JUiy 1. 



1. One night in camp the Twentieth Kansas lay weary and discouraged 
and homesick, when some one called out the old University war-cry, 
"Rock. Chalk. .Jayhawk. K. T'." It was taken up by others and sounded 
over the camp, a welcome home-word, like the taste of home food or the 
sight of home faces. 

265 



266 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 




388. Caloocan. — On the road to Caloocan, Lieutenant 
Alford, one of the Kansas University boys, and the brav- 
est of the brave, lost his life while leading" his company 
in a skirmish against Filipino sharp- 
shooters. The order had been given 
to charge, and the Kansans advanced 
rapidly, falling to fire, rising and 
charging, until they came to a hand- 
to-hand conflict with the enemy. The 
fight centered about a battle flag, 
which the insurgents were defending 
with their lives. ^ At last the Filipinos 
were scattered, and the men were General Fred. Funston. 
ordered back to the line. They came amid the cheers of 
the army, proudly bearing the captured colors,^ but with 
sad hearts on account of the loss of their gallant com- 
mander. The Kansas regiment was the 
first to enter Caloocan. General Mac- 
Arthur wired this message to General 
Otis, "Caloocan taken. Kansans a mile 
ahead of the line. Will stop them if 
lean." 

389. Calumpit. — The Filipino army 
had concentrated at Calumpit* and 
were behind trenches that have rarely 
been excelled. The Twentieth and the' 
First Montana were ordered to attack 




Lieutenant Alford. 



2. During the days of almost continual fighting, the regiment lost 
three commissioned ofl!icers — Captain David G. Elliot, Lieutenant Alfred C. 
Alford. and Second Lieutenant William McTaggart. 

.3. The captured colors are in the Kansas State Historical rooms. 

4. Calumpit was the most strongly fortified place of the insurgents. 
It was surrounded on three sides by rivers, the Rio Grande, the Calumpit 
and the Bagbag, and was fortified on the fourth side. 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 267 

the force of insurgents there. Between the two armies 
flowed the broad, unf ordable Rio Grande River. A partly 
dismantled railroad bridge crossed the river, guarded on 
the Filipino side by three pieces of artillery and a rapid- 
firing Maxim. To endeavor to cross the bridge was im- 
practicable. 

Colonel Funston's plan was to effect a crossing farther 
down the river. This was made possible by Privates 
White and Trembly, who swam the river with a rope 
and tied it to a post on the Filipino fortifications. Bam- 
boo rafts were carried to the water's edge and Colonel 
Funston, in face of the enemy's fire, made the first voyage 
across the river, the men pulling the raft over by means 
of the rope. Others followed, and attacking the Fili- 
pinos in the rear, they drove them out of their trenches.^ 
When the defense guarding the bridge had been cap- 
tured,® it too was used. Soon the entire force was over 
and the place captured.'^ 

390. The Report of Secretary-of-War Root.«— "The 

The miles of defense at Calumpit were made of wickerwork and filled 
with the earth that had been taken from the trenches. In many places 
they were covered with boiler and railroad iron and were so thick that 
artillery hardly effected them. At regular distances there were portholes 
from which the ocdapants could fire without being hit. Leading from the 
trenches back to other lines of intrenchments were zigzag ditches, which 
the Kansans called get-aways. These enormous fortifications had been 
made by unarmed Filipinos and hundreds of Chinese impressed into the 
service. The insurgents, afraid to put their heads above the parapets, 
fired largely at random. 

5. Resell Manahan, age seventeen, a high school boy from Topeka, fell 
in the battle of Calumpit, April 26. 1899. On the night before the battle 
he had taken out his Bible, carried with him from home, and read the 
91st Psalm. A bronze tablet in the stairway wail of the Topeka High 
School building commemorates his loyalty and patriotism. 

6. The Twentieth Kansas had a most remarkable record in the matter 
of desertions. Of the 1,.300 who enlisted, only four deserted. 

7. The loss by death from all causes during the term of service of the 
four Kansas regiments aggregates 117. 

8. Major-Oeneral MacArthur recommended that the following Kansans be 
given medals of honor for special gallantry : Lieutenant Edward J. Hardy, 
Chief Trumpeter Charles P. Barshfieid, Corporal Waiter S. Drysdaie, 
Privates Huntsman and Willey. Lieutenant Colin H. Rail, Sergeant Ray- 
mond S. Enslow, and Privates White and W. B. Trembly. 



268 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



character of the regiment's services in the field is well 
indicated by the following recommendations for brevet 
promotions made by Major-General Arthur MacArthur, 
commanding the second division of the Eighth Army 
Corps, and approved by Major-General Elwell S. Otis, 
commanding the Corps. I quote from the official docu- 
ment : 

'' 'Frederick Funston, Brigadier-General, U. S. Vols., to be Major- 
General, U. S. Vols., by brevet. (For) Gallant and meritorious serv- 
ices throughout the campaign against Filipino insurgents from Feb- 
ruary 4 to July 1, 1899; particularly for daring courage at the 
passage of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga, May 27, 1899, while 
Colonel 20th Kansas Vols. 

'' 'Wilder S. Metcalf, Colonel, 20th Kansas Vols., to be Brigadier- 
General, by brevet. (For) Gallant and meritorious services through- 
out the campaign against Filipino insurgents, from February 4 to 
July 1, 1899, during which period he was wounded on two separate 
occasions. ' 

"The officers and enlisted men of 
the regiment exhibited the same high 
quality of bravery and efficiency 
which characterized their command- 
ers. 

"I beg to join with the people of 
Kansas in welcoming to their homes 
these citizen-soldiers, so worthy of 
the heroic origin and patriotic his- 
tory of their state. 

"Elihu Root." 
391. The Home-Coming of the Twentieth.— The regi- 
ment embarked on the United States transport, Tartar, 
on the second day of September, 1899, and sailed out 
of Manila Bay on the following afternoon. When 




General W. S. Metcalf. 



on 



the evening of October 10, the transport was sighted off 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 269 

Golden Gate, San Francisco, tugs bearing Governor Stan- 
ley and other distinguished Kansans, and many news- 
paper correspondents, hastened to greet the returning 
heroes.^ On the 3d of November, at Topeka, a reception 
was tendered to the members of the regiment by the citi- 
zens of Kansas, who came in great crowds from all parts 
of the State to do honor to the brave ''Twentieth boys," 
who had added another brilliant page to the annals of 
Kansas. 



9. It was at the time when cheers from a thousand throats were 
conveying glad welcome that a pathetic incident occurred which cast a 
gloom over the happy occasion. William A. Snow, a newspaper corre- 
spondent, and son of Chancellor Snow of Kansas University, was swept 
overboard from the decli of the newspaper boat and drowned. 



270 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

392. A Letter from President McKinley. 

EXECUTIVE MANSION. 

WASHINGTON, 






^a^. 






INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 271 

393. Period of Prosperity.— The late summer of 1899 
found the State in peace. The political contests, which 
had been sharp and severe for some years, and marked 
with mutations of fortune, had taught Kansas people 
that the State was safe in the hands of its honest citizens, 
without regard to their party designations. An era of 
good feeling prevailed. The losses sustained in the col- 
lapse following the boom of 1887 had been largely made 
up. A singular feature of the recovery in the "boom 
towns," which, in their speculative days, had scattered 
their houses over a great area, was their practical con- 
solidation. Houses which had stood in empty desolation 
in the midst of boundless "additions," were removed 
nearer to the actual center of population, renovated and 
repaired, and became again places of business and the 
homes of men. 

' The discharge of the heavy public and private indebt- 
edness of Kansas was going on at a rate that surprised 
financial authorities, but the explanation was found in 
the great natural resources of the State. When asked 
how Kansas in seven years paid off more than $100,- 
000,000 of debt, it was answered that, in those seven 
years, Kansas produced four billion dollars' worth of 
farm products and live stock. 

394. Visit of Theodore Roosevelt. — Theodore Roose- 
velt, candidate for Vice-President, visited the State in 
1900, making addresses in several cities. A right royal 
reception was extended by the citizens of Kansas to the 
illustrious hero of San Juan. 

395. The Election of 1900.— In the State election of 



272 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 



1900 Governor Stanley was re-elected. In the national 
election President McKinley was re-elected President of 
the United States. 

396. The Legislature of 1901.— The Legislature of 

1901 elected J. R. Burton United States Senator. The 
Biennial Election Law was passed providing that all 
county officers, excepting Commissioners, be elected every 
two years, the first election to be in 1902. An act was 
passed providing for the voluntary consolidation of 
school districts for the purpose of forming graded schools 
in the country. The "Western Branch of the State Nor- 
mal was located at Hays, and $75,000 was appropriated 
for the purpose of a State display at the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition at St. Louis. A provision was made 
for the purchase of an executive residence at a cost of 
$30,000. 

397. Traveling Libraries.— The Legislature of 1901 
granted an appropriation of $2,000 a year for two years 
to aid in the work of the Traveling Libraries, and pro- 
vided for the appointment of a Com- 
mission of three persons, who, to- 
gether with the State Librarian and 
president of the Kansas Federation 
of Clubs, have the management of the 
Traveling Library Department of the 
State Library. Under the provisions 
of the Act, the libraries, averaging 
fifty books in number, are loaned by 

Mrs. Harriet Cashing, the State Library to the communities, 
neighborhoods, and organizations applying for them and, 
when read, are returned to be again sent out. A large 




INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



273 




number of books have been given to the Library by 
w^omen's clubs and by individuals. 
The Kansas Federation of Clubs ori- 
ginated the plan for the distribution 
of good literature. 

398. The Federation. — Kansas is 
indebted to the Federation of Wom- 
en's Clubs for the Traveling Library. 
This society w^as the outgrov^th of the 
Social Science Club organized at 
Leavenworth in May, 1881, upon the ^^'^- ^^^'^ '^- ^'^^'■ 
suggestion of Mrs. Harriet Cushing and Mrs. Mary T. 
Gray.^^ The Federation, v^hich now^ consists of about 
400 clubs, has, from the first, been a powder for good. It 
has been instrumental in bringing to pass many measures 
for the elevation of v^omen and for the welfare and im- 
provement of the state. ^^ 

399. Election of 1902.— Willis Joshua Bailey, Repub- 

10. Coming to Kansas and to Wyandotte as a bride upon the day the 
Constitutional Convention met, Mrs. Mary T, Gray became at once inter- 
ested in the existing conditions, and a potent factor in the life of this 
State of her choice. While she had chosen to exchange a life of ease for 
one of many privations incident to pioneer life, her innate retinement 
and culture created around her an atmosphere ennobling and uplifting. 
Herself finely educated, it was her earnest desire to promote the mental 
progress of women, and she was among the first to advocate the forma- 
tion of a State club where women might meet to discuss all that goes 
to make womanhood deeper and sweeter. Many timid women blossomed 
into a life of helpfulness under the radiance of her kindly sympathy. Her 
life was the exemplification of a rich mental culture which ripened with 
the passing of the allotted three-score years and ten, even until the day 
of her home-going, October 10, 1904, in Kansas City, Kansas. 

11. The original idea and scheme of the Traveling Libraries Commis- 
sion was to provide books for the bookless. This has been done, and 
more. A great sweep of library spirit has been created in Kansas through 
the little traveling libraries. In many of the smaller public libraries a 
case or two of the State's books are kept to stimulate the interest of the 
patrons ; the schools and clubs use them ; the ranchman, miles from books 
of any description, sends for a library, and his neighbors read the books 
with him. Orders are received from groups of men and women living in 
localities remote from railroads and having no other facilities for reading. 
In 1004 there were 15,080 books and 300 cases in possession of the 
Commission. 



274 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

lican, was elected Governor of the State. W. H. Crad- 
dock was the Democratic nominee. 



Eeview Questions. — What were the most important acts of the 
Legislature of 1899? — What was the cause of the War in the Philip- 
pines? — Describe the two most important engagements of the Twen- 
tieth Kansas. — What report did the Secretary of War give of the 
services of the Twentieth? — Tell of McKinley's letter. — What can be 
said of the political and industrial affairs of Governor Stanley's 
Administration? — What important educational factor in the State's 
development do we owe to the State Federation of Women's Clubs? — 
What illustrious American visited Kansas during Stanley's Adminis- 
tration? 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



GOVEENOR BAILEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1903—1905. 

400. The Legislature of 1903.— The Legislature of 1903 
elected Chester I. Long United States Senator. Measures 
were passed providing for the Manual Training Branch 
of the State Normal at Pittsburg, a 
Truancy Law, requiring the attend- 
ance at school of all children between 
the ages of eight and fifteen years, the 
placing of Kansas History in the pub- 
lic school curricula, a bounty of one 
dollar a ton for sugar beets grown in 
the State, the protection of birds, and 
the prohibition of the use of slot ma- 
chines as gambling devices. The heli- 

anthuS, or sunflower, was designated Governor W. J. Balley. 

as the State flower. Appropriations were made for the 
Kansas exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition and for a new 
law building at the State University. 

401. History of the Capitol Building.— The State Cap- 
itol Building was completed in 1903. During thirty-three 
years the capitol of Kansas has been growing.^ The 

1. The entire cost of the building was between three and four millions 
of dollars. It is one of the handsomest structures of its kind in the 
United States. The following details are worth considering : The State 
House grounds are bound by Eighth, Tenth, Jackson and Van Buren 
streets. The wings represent Ninth and Van Buren, so that the dome is 
at the intersection of the above-named streets. The cornerstone was 

275 




276 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

ground was given by the Topeka Town Association in 
1862. In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection 
of the east wing of the capitol building. On the 17th 
of October of that year the corner stone was laid. The 
wing was so far completed that it was occupied by the 
State 'officers in December, 1869. The legislative halls 
were first occupied for the session of 1870. The Legis- 
lature of 1879 provided for the erection of the west wing. 
The House of Representatives occupied the unfinished 
new hall for the session of 1881, and the State offices in 
that wing became occupied during that year. The Legis- 
lature of 1883 provided for commencing work on the 
foundation of the central portion of the building. The 
structure was so far completed as to admit of a tem- 
porary finishing of rooms in the basement of the south 
wing, and of the occupancy of them in 1892. 

The Legislature of 1891 and 1893 made but very slight 
appropriations for the capitol building, and the work 
became practically suspended until it was resumed under 
the appropriations of the Legislature of 1895. The capitol 
still remains an illustration of the history of the State, 
"still achieving, still pursuing." Succeeding the line of 
temporary structures — frame, stone, brick and concrete 
— which served to house the executive, judicial and leg- 

laid October 7, 1866. First occupied December 25, 1869. Base of dome, 
80 feet square. There are 399 steps from the ground to the gallery floor 
of the dome, or 258 feet. The top of the dome is 281 feet 6 inches high 
and 6 feet 6 inches in diameter; the flagstaff, 40 feet, or a total of 3211/. 
feet. The sizes of the wings are as follows: East. 75x110 feet; south. 
96x122 feet; west, 76x125 feet; north, 96x122 feet. It is 70 feet from 
the ground to the eaves of the wings. The large columns in front of 
the portico are 4 feet in diameter at the base, 35 feet 6 inches to the 
bottom of the capitol, where they are 3 feet 2 inches in diameter. The 
capitol is 6 feet 6 inches high over all. In 1901 the executive mansion 
was purchased. This building occupies spacious grounds at the corner of 
Eighth and Buchanan streets, eight blocks from the capitol grounds. 



INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. 377 

islative departments of the government of Kansas for 
sixteen years, the growth of the present capitol has re- 
flected the growth of the material State. 

Year by year the halls have stretched away; inviting 
porticoes have reached forward ; columns have arisen, and 
lastly, the high dome has mounted upward. The interior 
has exhibited modern improvements and inventions, from 
gas to electricity. While the edifice has been rising, 
widening, extending, the prairie acres around it have 
been embraced in the transformation scene of which 
Kansas has been the stage. The Capitol Square, in 1880, 
furnished one of the first marked observances of Arbor 
Day in Kansas. On the proclamation of the Mayor of 
Topeka, the people, young and old, gathered between noon 
and sunset and planted around the Capitol a thousand 
trees. 

402. National Meeting of the Y. M. C. A.— During the 
early part of Governor Bailey's administration, a national 
meeting of the Kailway Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion was held at Topeka. President Roosevelt was a dis- 
tinguished guest and addressed the meeting. He was 
entertained at the Executive Residence by Governor 
Bailey. 

403. The Flood Years.— The years 1903 and 1904 will 
go down in history as the flood years in Kansas. In the 
year 1903 the great Kansas River flood occurred. In 
May of that year there was an unprecedented rainfall 
in the valleys of the Blue, the Republican, the Saline, the 
Solomon and the Smoky Hill rivers. These streams all 
flow into the Kansas River. Nearly all the towns along 
these rivers were flooded, and thousands of acres of farm 



278 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

lands were inundated. Many lives were lost in these 
valleys. But the greatest calamity fell upon Topeka, 
Lawrence, and Kansas City. At Topeka the river broke 
over its banks and swept down upon North Topeka, cov- 
ering this entire portion of the city for almost a week. 
Nearly two-score of lives were swept out by the waters, 
and wreck and ruin indescribable were left in the wake 
of the flood. Lawrence (in proportion to its size) experi- 
enced the same condition that befell Topeka.^ At Kansas 
City the loss of life was less appalling, while the property 
loss was much greater. Right generously the people of 
the State and of the nation responded to the cry of the 
suffering, and poured their lavish benefactions into the 
stricken communities. The sturdy Kansas people rebuilt 
their homes and business houses, and replanted their 
crops, and the year 1903 outranked all previous years in 
agricultural wealth. In 1904 every large river of the 
State was out of its banks, and small creeks became rag- 
ing rivers. The disaster outclassed the two preceding 
years, but the tragical feature of human suffering and 
loss of life was but a small part of the incident. Wichita, 
Hutchinson, Emporia, Coffeyville, Winfield, Ottawa, and 
all the cities and towns of the Kansas River valley alike 
endured calamity. ''White man heap big fool to build 
big house near river," the Kaw Indians were wont to 
declare, but unfortunately nobody listened to the Indians' 

2. During the flood, Edward Grafston. chief mechanical engineer of 
the Atchison, Topel<a & Santa Fe railroad, built a small side-wheeler 
steamer, in which, with a volunteer crew of six men, he rescued a great 
many people. While making the last trip on the night of June 2, 1903. 
the boat was capsized and Mr. Grafston was drowned. In apnreciation of 
his heroic self-sacrifice in giving up his life to save others, a bronze tablet 
was placed in the State Historical rooms at Topeka by the Mechanical 
Engineers. 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 279 

warning. The three successive flood years, however, have 
shown what the State may expect as a possibility; and 
what the ignorant Indian could not teach, experience has 
driven home. 

404. Semi- Centennial Anniversary. — The Semi-Centen- 
nial Anniversary of the organization of Kansas Territory 
under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was celebrated at Topeka 
for three days, beginning May 30, 1904. On Monday the 
pioneers, the soldiers of the Civil and of the Spanish 
Wars, and Governor Bailey with his staff, united in a 
great military parade in honor of William H. Taft, Sec- 
retary of War, who represented President Roosevelt as 
the orator of the day. Tuesday, Pioneer Day, was given 
to pioneer experiences, and Wednesday, Woman's Day, 
was characterized by a very beautiful flower parade. 

405. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition. — At the 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held in St. Louis in 1904, 
Kansas stood the peer of her sister states. Fine exhibits 
were made in the educational, mining, agricultural, hor- 
ticultural, dairy and live-stock departments, winning 
many prizes and medals. A beautiful State building was 
erected in a most desirable location; it was exquisitely 
furnished and became at once a home for all visiting 
Kansans and their friends. A comprehensive art exhibit, 
the work of Kansas artists, was a very attractive feature 
of the building and was universally admired by the thou- 
sands who saw it.^ 

On September 30 the sunflower became an emblem of 

3. The commission in charge of the State's affairs were John C. Car- 
penter. J. C. Morrow, C. L. Luling, R. T. Simon, and W. P. Waggoner. 
Mrs. Noble Prentis was hostess of the Kansas building. 



280 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

prominence, for this was Kansas Day, and Kansans by 
thousands were in attendance. The Governor and his 
staff were present. In the morning a great military parade 
was followed by a program in which the Governor of the 
State, President Francis, of the Exposition, and Henry 
Allen and David Overmeyer, two of the most eloquent 
sons of Kansas, took part. The exercises were held in 
the Plaza of St. Louis. The reception that evening in 
honor of Governor and Mrs. Bailey was one of the most 
beautiful functions given on the terrace of states. 

406. Election of 1904.— The close of this administra- 
tion was marked by a factional fight in the Eepublican 
party. The alignment of the contestants was either with 
the ''Boss-busters" or with the ''Machine." Edward W. 
Hoch was the standard bearer of the "Boss-busters" and 
was elected. The Democratic candidate was David M. 
Dale. 



Eeview Questions. — What were the most important acts of the 
Legislature of 1903? — Give the history af the capitol building. — 
Eelate the story of the flood years. — Tell of the heroism of Edward 
Grafstrom. — What anniversaries marked the year 1904? — Do you 
think both of these anniversaries should be celebrated? — Give reasons 
for your opinions. — What is meant by the term ''Boss-busters," and 
who was their chief? 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



GOVEENOK HOCH'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1905—1909. 

407. The Legislature of 1905.— The session of the Leg- 
islature of 1905 was marked by the contest of the State 
against the Standard Oil Company and the railroad cor- 
porations. The remarkable oil discov- 
eries in the State furnished a rich field 
for the Standard Oil Company, and it 
entered with all the power of its mil- 
lions of capital and its years of experi- 
ence. The firm stand of the Governor 
and of the Legislature for equal rights 
for all and special privileges to none 
served as an object lesson not only for 
other states, but also for the nation. 
In order to prevent a monopoly of 
transportation facilities, pipe lines were made common 
carriers and maximum rates were fixed for the trans- 
portation of crude oil by railroad. As a climax of legis- 
lation, a bill was passed for the construction of a State 
oil refinery at Peru,^ in Chautauqua County, to be oper- 
ated as a branch of the State Penitentiary. Important 
railroad legislation was enacted as follows : An act 

1. This bill providing for a state oil refinery was afterward declared 
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. 

281 




Governor Edward W 
Hoch. 



282 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

providing uniform freight rates, the prohibition of spe- 
cial privileges, such as rebates, etc. ; a provision for the 
furnishing of cars without discrimination for shipping 
purposes, and the regulation of railroad employees' hours 
of labor. 

A significant enactment was the provision for a Board 
of Control of the charitable institutions of the State, thus 
releasing these great institutions from political control 
and making efficiency the rule of tenure of office. 

The children and youth of Kansas were also remem- 
bered by this Legislature. An act was passed to establish 
juvenile courts and to provide for the care of dependent, 
neglected and delinquent children; a child labor law was 
enacted prohibiting the employment of children under 
fourteen years of age in factories, packing houses and 
mines, and under sixteen years of age in certain other 
employments. Other acts of the Legislature were pro- 
vision for a State printing plant and a State depository 
for State funds. 

An appropriation was made to assist the Daughters of 
the American Revolution in marking the Santa Fe Trail. 

408. The Battleship Kansas. — One of the finest battle- 
ships of the American Navy is the ''Kansas." On August 
12, 1905, at Camden, New Jersey, Miss Anna Hoch, the 
youngest daughter of Governor Hoch, christened the 
''Kansas" with water from the John Brown Spring in 
Linn County. It is the custom to use wine in the christen- 
ing ceremony when ships put to sea, but since the law and 
the sentiment of the State is for prohibition. Governor 
Hoch's daughter preferred to use water, so as she re- 
peated the words, "I christen thee Kansas," and broke 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 



283 



the bottle, it was pure sparkling water and not wine that 
fell over the prow of the great ship. 

The battleship received two gifts from the State, one 
a $5,000 silver service, voted by the Legislature, and the 
other a stand of colors given by the Daughters of the 
American Revolution. 

409. Marking the Santa Fe Trail.— In 1906 the Daugh- 
ters of the American Revolution marked the Santa Fe 
Trail. The trail which led the dauntless explorer, dream- 
ing of conquest, into the far unknown; the road which 
the pioneer — progenitor of a sturdy race — had followed 
in search of a prairie home, the broad mark of the com- 




A Marker on the Santa Fe Trail 



284 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

merce of the unturned sod was being forgotten and oblit- 
erated in the progress of the plow as civilization devel- 
oped the resources of a great State. Lest the children 
of Kansas should forget the path their fathers had trod, 
the Daughters of the American Revolution, assisted by 
an appropriation of $1,000 from the Legislature, indi- 
cated with granite boulders the path of the old trail.^ 
On the face of each boulder is deeply carved the follow- 
ing inscription : 

SANTA FE TRAIL 

1822-1872 

MARKED BY THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN 

REVOLUTION AND THE STATE OF KANSAS, 

1906. 

410. The Pike Centennial.— From the 26th to the 29th 
of September, 1906, Kansas celebrated her first centen- 
nial. It was held at the Pike Monument near Republic 
City, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the visit of 
Zebulon Montgomery Pike to the Pawnee village, and 

2. The school children of the State contributed a penny apiece to the 
Santa Fe Trail fund, adding thereby the sum of $584.40. 

Under the auspices of the department of American History, State Uni- 
versity, seven points of interest in the city of Lawrence were marlied by 
marble slabs in the fall of 1898. The following is a list : 

1. In front of Fraser hall. University of Kansas, Mount Oread — "Site 
of Barracks and Trenches, 1863." 

2. Louisiana street, between Quincy and Hancock — "Site of Governor 
Robinson's first house ; burned by SherifE Jones, May 21, 1856." 

3. Ohio street, between Berkeley and Warren — "Site of Unitarian 
church. First free public school in Kansas." 

4. Winthrop street, between Indiana and Louisiana — "Here Griswold, 
Baker, Thorp and Trask were shot, August 21, 1863." 

5. Corner of Massachusetts and Winthrop streets — "Site of Free-state 
Hotel ; burned by Sheriff Jones, May 21, 1856. Eldridge House ; burned 
by Quantrell, August 21, 1863." 

6. Massachusetts streets, between Winthrop and Pinckney — "Site of 
first house in Lawrence, sixty feet east." 

7. New ETampshire street, between Warren and Berkeley — "near here 
a score of unarmed recruits were shot, August 21, 1863." 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 285 

of the first floating of the United States Flag in Kansas. 
National banners were unfurled; cannon were fired; 
bands played patriotic airs, and addresses were made by 
noted Kansans to the great crowd of people assembled 
from over the State. By order of the State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, the schools of Kansas devoted 
Friday afternoon, the 29th, to the story of ''Pike and the 
Flag." Thus the school children of Kansas united in 
patriotic commemoration with the celebration at Republic 
City. 

411. Election of 1906.— In the election of 1906, Gov- 
ernor Hoch was the Republican candidate for re-election.- 
William A. Harris was the Democratic candidate. Gov- 
ernor Hoch was re-elected. 

412. Resignation of Senator Burton. — Senator Burton 
resigned his seat in the Senate of the United States in 
November, 1906. Governor Hoch appointed Judge A. W. 
Benson to fill the unexpired term. 

413. The Legislature of 1907.— The Legislature of 1907 
elected Charles Curtis United States Senator to suc- 
ceed Judge Benson. Among the most important acts of 
the Legislature are the following: a tax law to provide 
for the a-ssessment and taxation of property at its actual 
value, a law reducing railroad fare from three to two 
cents a mile in all parts of the State, an anti-pass law 
prohibiting passes on railroads, a law providing for free 
kindergartens, and a law for the display of the United 
States Flag on schoolhouses. Lincoln's Birthday was 
made a legal holiday. 



286 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

414. Special Session of the Legislature. — Governor 
Hoch called a special session of the Legislature in 1908. 
A most important act was a state-wide primary election 
law, which provides that all candidates for elective offices 
shall be nominated by the vote of the people rather than 
by party caucus. 

415. The Prohibitory Law. — Governor Hoch's admin- 
istration is particularly noted for its enforcement of law 
in all departments. This is especially true of the Pro- 
hibitory Law. Never in the history of the State had this 
law been so well enforced. Due credit must be given to 
Attorney-General Jackson, who has been instant in sea- 
son and out of seas'on, to the State Temperance Union, 
to the Womens' Christian Temperance Union, and to the 
citizens of the State, who have made constant and efficient 
warfare against the violation of law and for its enforce- 
ment. 

416. The First State Primary.— On August 3, 1908, the 
first primary under the new law was held. W. R. Stubbs 
received the Republican nomination for Governor, and 
J. D. Botkin the Democratic nomination. J. L. Bristow 
received the Republican nomination to, succeed Chester 
I. Long in the Senate, and Hugh Farrelly received the 
Democratic nomination for the same position. 

417. Election of 1908.— W. R. Stubbs, the Republican 
nominee for Governor, was elected. W. H. Taft was 
elected President of the United States in the National 
Election. 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 287 

Eeview Questions. — What significant contest occurred in the 
Legislature of 1905? — Why was this Legislature the center of interest 
in Nation as well as State? — What was the value of its work? — How 
were the children and young people remembered? — Describe the 
launching of the battleship ' ' Kansas. ' ' — To whom do we owe the 
marking of the Santa Fe Trail? — How many years intervened between 
its marking and Bechnell 's first trip along it ? — What was the first 
centennial celebration in Kansas? — Why do we honor General Pike? — 
What two laws do you consider the most important among those 
passed by the Legislature of 1907? — What was the act of the special 
session? — How was the Prohibitory Law strengthened? — Who was 
nominated for governor at the first State primary? 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

GOVEKNOE STUBBS' ADMINISTRATION. - 
1909 

418. The Legislature of 1909.— The legislature of 1909 
elected Joseph L. Bristow United States senator. The 
following are among the important acts which were 
passed: a bank guarantee law establishing a system of 
insurance of bank deposits ; a law prohibiting the sale 
of liquor in the state for any purpose ; a law giving power 
to establish commission form of government in cities upon 
a vote of the people ; a child-labor law recognizing the 
rights of children to childhood free from injurious labor; 
a law prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and cigarette 
papers ; and a law providing for normal courses in high 
schools and accredited academies. An appropriation of 
$200,000 was made for the erection in Topeka of a me- 
morial hall in honor of the old soldiers. The hall is to 
be used jointly by the G. A. R. and the State Historical 
Society. 

419. Lincoln Day— February 12, 1909.— The one- 
hundredth anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, 
was generally observed over the state, as a day devoted 
to tHe memory of the great American. The words "with 
malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in 

288 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 289 

the right a§ God gives us to see the right, let us strive 
on to finish the work we are in," echoed from many a 
prairie schoolhouse and hall of learning and devotion. 
The legislature celebrated the day at Lawrence as guests 
of the State University. 

420. Death of Ex-Governor Morrill. — Early in March 
of the year 1909, Kansas people gave tribute of affection 
and esteem through press and pulpit to Ex-Governor 
Morrill, who died on the fourteenth of the month at San 
Antonio, Texas, whither he had gone in the hope of re- 
newing his health. Hiawatha, his beloved home town, 
witnessed its greatest gatherings in appreciation of its 
favorite founder and one of the State's most loyal pio- 
neers. The first of these gatherings was in honor of his 
election as governor of the commonwealth and the last 
in memory of a noble life cast in heroic mold and greatly 
lived. In the Kansas hall of fame his name may well be 
inscribed. 

421. The Baker Anniversary. — In June of the year 
1909, Baker University celebrated her fiftieth anniversary. 
It was an occasion of great interest. Alumni and friends 
of the school came from far and near ; representatives of 
nation and state, of universities and colleges, of schools 
and learned societies extended their greetings. Founded 
during the severe days of the "Struggle" the university 
has developed with the state, sharing her vicissitudes and 
participating in her successes. Baker's noblest gifts are 
her sons and daughters who have gone out to serve in 
the world's work. 



290 



HISTORY OF KANSAS. 




Library of Baker University. 



L 'ENVOI. 



The State at the entrance of a new era stands rich in 
the products of field and mine, but richer in her boys and 
girls, her strong young manhood and womanhood. Pro- 
tected from the evils of alcohol, the cigarette, and child- 
labor; shielded from vice; offered every opportunity for 
development in schools and colleges, libraries and 
churches ; breathing the free health-giving air of the 
prairies, and following the high ideals of the state and 
the nation, the youth of Kansas is her most significant 
wealth, her most glorious offering. Long may the great 
state live in favor with God and man. May she ever keep 
her faith in the true, the beautiful and the good, and 
when clouds and darkness come, as come they will, may 



INDUSTEIAL DEVELOPMENT. 291 

there ever be emblazoned in the clear blue above them 
the old shibboleth "Ad astra per aspera. " 

Eeview Questions. — Name the three most important laws made 
by the Legislature of 1909. — Memorize Lincoln's Gettysburg address. 
— Note the times in your Kansas history when Lincoln came in touch 
with our State. — Tell the story of Governor Morrill's life. — What 
college celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 1909? — Translate ''Ad 
astra per aspera." 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

INDUSTKIAL KANSAS. 

While the story of human events in Kansas portrays the 
life of a sturdy, intelligent and progressive people, its 
industrial history shows the response of the earth to their 
hardy toil. The wind-blown prairie grass has yielded to 
the plow and fields rich in agricultural products now bask 
their abundant wealth in the luxuriant sunshine while 
cattle graze on a thousand hills. The yearly value of 
farm products in the state is $75,000,000 in excess of the 
aggregate coining value of all the gold and silver mined 
annually in the United States. 

The State is no longer a treeless prairie. The Kansas 
farmer found that every tree set deep in the soil added 
to the sum of power that conquers the waste places and 
makes the desert blossom, so he began to plant trees 
about his home until Kansas has some of the largest 
home-grown forests and orchards in the United States. 

Treasures hidden below the surface have been dis- 
covered and mineral wealth undreamed of in the early 
days adds to the state's riches. 

Wheat. — The western part of the State is one great 
wheat field. Kansas stands first in wheat among the 
states of the nation and the provinces of the world. The 
total yield in 1908 was 76,808,922 bushels, valued at $63,- 
885,146. The following diagram shows the aggregate pro- 

292 



INDUSTEIAL KANSAS. 293 

duction of wheat by the leading wheat states from 1902- 
1906 inclusive. 



KANSAS. 
MINNESOTA. 
NO. DAKOTA. 
NEBRASKA. 
SO. DAKOTA. 



Bushels. 
356,928,238 

346,985,0«2 

325,524,058 

226,629,249 

208,871,692 



Barton county ranks highest of the counties in wheat 
production. 

Corn. — The eastern part of the State is shut in witl;i 
''walls of corn." While wheat has made Kansas famous, 
corn has made her rich. The largest crop of corn in Kan- 
sas was that of 1889, which was 273,888,000 bushels. The 
most valuable in money returns was the crop of 1908. 
The yield for that year was 150,000,000 bushels, and was 
worth at market price $82,642,462. In 1905, an average 
year, the Kansas corn production was more than all 
South America and exceeded the crop of Egypt, Italy, 
France, Bulgaria, and Russia proper put together. Kan- 
sas ranks fifth among the states of the Union in the pro- 
duction of corn. According to the Government report 
the value of the corn crop of 1907 was greater than that 
of the combined corn crops of New York, Pennsylvania, 
Massachusetts, California and nineteen additional states 
and territories. Jewell county ranks highest in corn pro- 
duction. 

Alfalfa. — All who know alfalfa best esteem it one of the 
richest additions to the agriculture of America. Kansas 



294 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

seems particularly well adapted to its successful growth 
and ranks first in its production. In 1908 there were 
878,283 acres of alfalfa in the state. It not only yields an 
abundant crop which is cut from one to five times a year, 
but it bears upon its root a parasite which restores and 
enriches, rather than depletes the soil. 

Live-stock. — Since the days when the first cowboy rode 
over the plains, cattle have been an ever enriching 
product. In 1908 over two and one-half million cattle 
grazed on the Kansas prairies. Nearly one million horses 
valued at $95,682,468 are on the live-stock list of the 
same year. On account of the extensive raising of live- 
stock, large packing houses have been built in the state. 
Kansas City, Kansas, has the second most extensive meat 
industry in the world. The total value of cattle, hogs, 
sheep, horses and mules shipped from Kansas City from 
1871-1906 was $2,212,751,000. 

Mineral Wealth. — The first mineral to be discovered in 
Kansas was coal. It is found in the eastern counties and 
yields annually $10,000,000. At the present rate of min- 
ing it is estimated that the Kansas deposit would last 
2,000 years. The discovery and development of the won- 
derful oil and gas fields in the southeastern part of the 
State has been most remarkable. The production since 
1900 suggests that the Kansas field has but few rivals. 
Gas is piped to Kansas City, Wichita, Topeka and other 
large cities of the State to be used in thousands of homes 
for light and fuel and for power in many large factories. 

Kansas ranks third in the production of salt. The an- 
nual output is 2,000,000 barrels and is sufficient to supply 
the world. Hutchinson is the center of the salt produc- 



INDUSTEIAL KANSAS. 295 

tion by evaporation. Other localities furnish rock salt. 
Quarries of limestone and sandstone for building purposes 
and rock gypsum are extensively worked. Kansas gyp- 
sum plaster was used in nearly all the buildings of the 
St. Louis Exposition in 1904, and the Columbian Exposi- 
sition in 1893. 

The lead and zinc of the State is in the southeastern 
portion. Kansas ranks as the second State in the produc- 
tion of these ores. 

Manufactures. — Kansas' chief manufactures are in the 
conversion of farm products into marketable commodities, 
such as butter, flour and meat. $100,000,000 is repre- 
sented in the meat packing business. Topeka has the 
largest creamery in the world. The flour and grist mill 
productions, which are famous the world over, amount 
to $5,000,000 annually. Sugar is manufactured from 
sugar beets in the western part of the State. A factory is 
located at Garden City. 

The advent of natural gas has brought in many new 
lines of manufacturing. Glass making has become an 
important industry in the gas fields and window glass, 
bottles, table and other glassware are manufactured. 
Zinc smelting is quite significant. In 1906 the refined 
product of zinc ore was worth $16,000,000. Over half of 
the spelter, or refined zinc ore, used in the United States 
is smelted in Kansas. As a cement making field Kansas 
is fast coming into prominence. Cement making materi- 
als, limestone and shale are at hand in inexhaustible 
supply. Brick plants are numerous in the southeastern 
part of the State. Building, paving, fancy and sidewalk 
bricks are made, as well as roof tile, pottery, etc. Car- 



296 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

shops employ thousands of people. Binding twine is 
manufactured extensively at the state penitentiary by the 
prisoners and sold by the state. Oil refineries are found 
in the oil regions; at least seventeen independent oil 
refineries were in active operation in 1908, representing 
several millions of wealth. 



Review Questions. — What has been the progress of the State in 
industrial affairs'? — Compare Kansas with other States in the pro- 
duction of wheat? — Tell the corn story. — What is the value of alfalfa? 
— What is the importance of the live-stock industry? — Trace the 
development of Kansas' mineral wealth. — Name the most important 
manufactured products of the State. — Should manufacturing be more 
extensively developed? 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

While the earth and the fulness thereof has engaged 
the thought of the State, it has not been wholly given 
over to money making and material improvement. The 
spirit of the grand old pioneer is with us still, and the 
generous education of its people is even dearer now than 
it was when the foundation of the University was laid be- 
fore the grass had had time to cover the ground left bare 
by the Indian tepee. The Twentieth Century is demand- 
ing men and women of preparation and ability and Kan- 
sas provides generously for her future citizens. The State 
University with its splendid teaching force and fine equip- 
ment, the State Normal School with its branches at Hayes 
and Pittsburg, and the Agricultural College, said to have 
the largest attendance of any school of its kind in the 
world, are all schools of which the State may well be 
proud. Over 6,000 students were enrolled in these schools 
in 1908. Beside the state schools there are thirty-four 
denominational and private schools, enrolling 10,000 
students. Several of these rank among the strong col- 
leges of the country. The Western University at Quin- 
daro and the Topeka Industrial Institute are schools for 
the education of the colored youth of the State. Con- 
sidering grade and high schools the State has about 9,000 
school buildings and over 12,000 teachers for its 500,000 
children enrolled. 

297 



298 HISTORY or KANSAS. 

With every year the standard of the educational work 
is raised and the teaching force becomes more efficient. 
The appointment of an educational commission by Gover- 
nor Hoch is a significant event in our educational history. 

Libraries. — Closely associated with education is the 
library movement of the Twentieth Century. There has 
been a general demand for libraries and even the remoter 
places, through the stimulus of the Traveling Library 
have begun making institutions of their own. Andrew 
Carnegie has given many very fine libraries to cities in 
Kansas. Among those favored are Emporia with the 
Anderson Memorial, Leavenworth, Ottawa, Lawrence, 
Hutchinson, Fort Scott, Kansas City, Manhattan, New- 
ton, Salina and Arkansas City. The city and town schools 
of the state have reported 300 libraries. It is not known 
how many libraries are in the district schools. Beside 
these almost, if not all, of the universities and colleges 
and many cities have most excellent libraries. 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

Name. Location. Established. 

Educational. 

University Lawrence 18C4 

Normal School : 

Main School Emporia 1864 

Manual Training Pittsburg 1903 

Western Branch Hays 1901 

Agricultural College : 

Main School Manhattan 1864 

Experiment Station Hays 1901 

Institution for the Education of the Blind Kansas City 1864 

Institution for the Education of the Deaf and 

Dumb Olathe 1864 

Western University (Colored Industrial) Quindaro 1901 

Penal and Reformatory. , 

Penitentiary Lansing 1863 

Boys' Industrial School Topeka 1879 

Reformatory Hutchinson 1886 

Girls' Industrial School Beloit 1889 



EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 299 

Hospitals for the Insane. 

Osawatomie 1863 

Topeka 1875 

Parsons 1903 

Other Institutions. 

For Feeble-Minded Youth '. Winfield 1881 

Soldier's Orphan Home Atchison 1885 

Soldier's Home Dodge City 1889 

Mother Bickerdyke Home Ellsworth 1901 

UNITED STATES INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS. 
Name. Location. 

Haskell Institute Lawrence 

National Cemetery Leavenworth 

United States Prisons, Civil and Military Leavenworth 

Western Branch United States Soldier's Home Leavenworth 

DENOMINATIONAL COLLEGES. 

Name. Location. Denomination. 

Baker University Baldwin Methodist 

Bethany College Lindsborg Swedish Lutheran 

Bethany College Topeka Episcopal 

Bethel College Newton Mennonite 

Campbell College Holton United Brethren 

College of Emporia Emporia Presbyterian 

Cooper Memorial College Sterling United Presbyterian 

Fairmount College Wichita Congregational 

Friends University Wichita Friends 

German-Baptist College McPherson ....... Dunkard 

Highland University Highland Presbyterian 

Kansas City University Kansas City Methodist Protestant 

Kansas Wesleyan Salina Methodist 

McPherson College McPherson ....'... German-Baptist 

Midland College Atchison Lutheran 

Ottawa University Ottawa Baptist 

Southwestern College Winfield Methodist 

St. Benedict's College Atchison Catholic 

St. John's College Winfield Lutheran 

St. Mary's College St. Mary's Catholic 

Washburn University. Topeka Congregational 

Walden College McPherson Swedish Mission 

Eeview Questions. — Name and locate the State educational 
institutions of Kansas. — What part do the denominational schools 
play in educational work? — How many children are enrolled in the 
public schools? — Why do you consider the appointment of the educa- 
tional commission significant? — What is the value of the traveling 
library? — How many Carnegie libraries are located in the State? — 
Name and locate State institutions other than educational. — What 
federal institutions are in Kansas? — Name and locate some of the 
denominational colleges. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 

The first printing press brought to what is now Kansas 
was for the use of an Indian mission. The first books 
printed were Indian books. But few copies of these books 
now exist; the readers long ago departed. 

Kansas and the Press. — The beginnings of the modern 
daily American newspaper press were almost contempo- 
raneous with the beginnings of civilized and enlightened 
Kansas. The use of the telegraph, in those days called 
the "magnetic telegraph," for newspaper work, was, in 
1854, becoming general. Power presses were first con- 
sidered necessary, and another newspaper adjunct, first 
developed in Kansas Territory, was the "correspondent." 
Several of the greatest papers of the country maintained 
"special correspondents" in Kansas. Many of these 
young men possessed much ability, and made a national 
reputation, as William A. Phillips, the correspondent of 
the "New York Tribune.'*' Many of these were not 
merely writers, but doers of the word, and took part in 
the battles of the Territory. 

The First Newspapers. — Kansas had newspapers as 
soon as it had a population. The first newspaper was 
the Leavenworth "Herald." Its first office was the shade 

300 



KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 301 

of a large elm tree. Lawrence had newspapers very soon 
after. John and Joseph Speer and George W. Brown 
became '' toilers of the pen and press" at Lawrence, in 
October, 1854. The newspapers were all political, either 
for freedom or slavery. In the case of the Free State 
papers, their names often indicated their principles, as 
the "Herald of Freedom," or "Freedom's Champion." 
A great deal of talent found its way into Kansas news- 
paper offices of that early time. Napoleon said that every 
French soldier carried a marshal's baton in his knap- 
sack; in Kansas, future governors, senators, chieftains, 
and ambassadors carried printers' rules in their pockets. 

Early Observers. — The ferment in Kansas brought to 
the scene interested observers, writers of present or fu- 
ture eminence ; these wrote books about Kansas. Some 
of these were guide books, some histories, some narra- 
tives of personal experience. One of the first writers on 
territorial Kansas was Edward Everett Hale, since 
those days famous in the literary history of the country. 
Mr. Hale's book was published in 1854, and was entitled 
"Kanzas and Nebraska: the History, Geographical and 
Physical Characteristics, and Political Position of Those 
Territories ; an Account of the Emigrant Aid Companies, 
and Directions to Emigrants." Mr. Hale's publication 
was not intended as "elegant literature," but to direct 
Northern emigration to Kansas. Much that was written 
in the early days and since has been with the same pur- 
pose. 

Some Early Books. — The missionaries who lived and 
labored in Kansas while it was still Indian country, wrote 



302 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

their books of their charges and their efforts. To these 
belong the narratives of Isaac McCoy and Henry Harvey, 
who wrote a ''History of the Shawnee Indians, from the 
Year 1681 to 1854." The "correspondent," of whom 
mention has been made, collected his letters into volumes. 
Such was G. Douglas Brewerton's "War in Kansas," Mr. 
Brewerton being a correspondent of the "New York 
Herald," and supposed to be impartial. Other books were 
not presumed to be neutral in sentiment, as "The Con- 
quest of Kansas," by William A. Phillips. Neither could 
the imputation of lack of feeling be charged upon "Kan- 
sas, its Interior and Exterior Life," by Mrs. Sara T. L. 
Kobinson, wife of Governor Charles Kobinson. This book 
ran through six or more editions, and was favorably 
noticed by the London reviews. Speaking of British opin- 
ion, a very readable book about Kansas is "The English- 
man in Kansas, or Squatter Life and Border Warfare," 
by Thomas H. Gladstone, a Kansas correspondent of the 
London "Times," and a kinsman of William Ewart Glad- 
stone, England's great statesman. These and many more 
books were written in and about Kansas in the days of 
the "troubles," and largely inspired by the "troubles." 
They are, generally speaking, rare books now. In some 
cases the "visible supply" of them is reduced to one or 
two copies, but they were widely read when new, and the 
events of which they spoke were fresh in the public mind. 

The Kansas Magazine. — After the wars were over, and 
the piping times of peace had come, and the sword had 
been shaped into a pruning hook, the literary genius of 
Kansas was mainly devoted to exploiting the resources of 



KANSAS LITERATUEE. 303 

the State. Seldom in any country have the efforts of the 
land agent been more powerfully aided by the pen of the 
ready writer. Yet it was in these days that appeared 
the "Kansas Magazine," the most brilliant experiment in 
our literary history. The "Kansas Magazine" secured a 
corps of contributors (without money and without price), 
the larger number of whom were Kansas men and women ; 
and much that was written referred to Kansas. The con- 
tributors who secured the largest number of readers were 
John James Ingalls and "Deane Monahan." Both held 
their ascendency through the same charm — their famil- 
iarity with the locality, with outward and visible nature. 
Mr. Ingalls revealed, as it had not been before, the secret 
of the spell of natural Kansas over the hearts of her 
children. "Deane Monahan" (Captain James W. Steele) 
had been, before his magazine days, an officer in the regu- 
lar army of the United States, had been stationed at posts, 
and made many weary marches in the far West. He made 
familiar to Kansas readers the desert earth and the vast 
sky, the caiion and the mesa, of New Mexico. It is prob- 
ably true, until he wrote of it, that few had ever seen a 
picture of the "Jornada del Muerto," the "Journey of 
Death." 

While the "Kansas Magazine" had but a comparatively 
brief existence, it made a lasting literary sensation. 
Bound volumes of it are now deemed valuable, and odd 
numbers are eagerly gathered up. 

Two Valuable Books.— After the magazine period, ap- 
peared two books of incalculable value to Kansas : 
Wilder 's "Annals of Kansas," and Andreas' "History of 



304 



HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 




Wilder. 



Kansas ' ' — the latter known to Kansas 
people by a much more commonplace 
name. Neither of these books was 
written with any attempt at literary 
excellence ; they are merely collections 
of facts and figures. The ''Annals" 
represent the knowledge and industry 
of one Kansas man; the "History" 
was the work of a great number of 
persons. They form in Kansas the 
basis of history. So complete are they in their field that 
Kansas history can not be written without them. 

Local Histories. — It will be found that, in the brief 
time allowed, Kansas has celebrated herself. In addi- 
tion to the "Annals" and the "History" already men- 
tioned, there have been written many local histories. In 
1876, the Centennial year, special interest was manifested 
in the preservation of the chronicles of Kansas counties, 
and many volumes were written. They were of much 
present interest, and will serve as helps and guides to 
future annalists. Most valuable, too, are the biennial 
volumes issued by the State Historical Society. They 
contain what may be called history at first hand, the 
stories of actors and eye witnesses. In these are supple- 
mented the few war histories written by Kansas authors, 
as Burke's "Military History of Kansas," Hinton's 
"Army of the Border," and Britton's "Civil War on the 
Border." The story of life on the great plains, and the 
mountains beyond them has been told in the volumes of 
Colonel Henry Inman. 



KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 



Poetry of Kansas. — Of poetry, Kansas may be said to 
have produced much. No great epic poem has yet 
appeared ; no single song with the assurance of being sung 
forever, but much of graceful, and sometimes of inspiring 
verse, which has been preserved and cherished as the 
poet has been faithful in two things — to life as it is in 
Kansas, and to the human heart as it is everywhere. This 
has kept in mind Mrs. Allerton's ''Walls of Corn," and 
Eugene Ware's ''Washerwoman's Song." Kansas verse 
has been gathered in modest volumes, as in Miss Horner's 
"Songs of Kansas," and the sheaf of 
verses by members of the State Uni- 
versity called "Sunflowers." Nearly 
all has been in the first instance given 
to the newspapers, and often has re- 
ceived no more permanent form. The 
t3nder and graceful poems of the 
brilliant Josie Hunt, published in 
Kansas, have never ceased their news- 
paper journey in nearly, or quite Eugene ware, 
forty years. The poems of Richard Realf — earliest of 
Kansas poets, whose life was a tragedy — were given, with 
scarcely a .thought, to the press. Recently, Richard 
Realf 's friend in the old Kansas days. Colonel Richard J. 
Hinton, has gathered up the poems from far and wide, 
and given them to readers in preservable form. 

Kansas poetry, so far as it has been affected by Kansas, 
has reflected the infinite quiet of the great wide land ; of 
the immense blue arch of heaven. When the storm and 
stress of the first days is remembered, there seems to be 
little in our verse of the stir of conflict, and the ring of 




306 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

steel, or the gaiety that valor knows. An exception to 
this rule is preserved in Wilder 's "Annals," written by 
an unknown hand. It will be understood that K. T.-are 
the initials of Kansas Territory. The verses originally 
appeared in the long deceased periodical, ''Vanity Fair," 
in September, 1861. 

K. T. DID. 

From her borders, far away, 

Kansas blows a trumpet call, 
Answered by the loud *' hurrah" 

Of her troopers, one and all, 
''Knife and pistol, sword and spur!" 

Cries K. T.— 
''Let my troopers all concur, 
To the old flag, no demur — 

Follow me! " 

Hence the song of jubilee. 
Platyphillis from the tree. 

High among the branches hid, 
Sings all night so merrily — 
"K. T. did, 
^She did— she did!" 

Thirty-score Jayhawkers bold, 

Kansas men of strong renown, 
Eally round the banner old, 

Casting each his gauntlet down. 
"Good for Kansas," one and all 

Cry to her; 
Riding to her trumpet call. 
Blithe as to a festival, 

All concur! 

Hence the revel and the glee, 
As the chanter from the tree, 

High among the branches hid. 
Sings all night so merrily — 

"K. T. did, 

She did— she did!"' ; 




state University Buildings. 



308 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

Kansas Prose. — Kansas has contributed in many ways 
to what may be called the literature of the country. Many 
Kansans, going abroad, have written books of travel; 
many books have been written on social questions, mostly 
embodying ''advanced views," but w^hat may be termed 
the literary bent of the State has been in the direction of 
sketch writing, newspaper and magazine writing, which, 
in time, may grow and gather into books. Of course the 
myriad-minded Shakespeare has been remembered. Kan- 
sas has produced Wilder 's "Life of Shakespeare" and 
Randolph's "Trial of Sir John Falstaff." Both treating 
the great dramatist originally and profitably. 

No Kansas author has as yet written a great or standard 
work on any subject, for the reason that no Kansas writer 
has yet found a lifetime to devote to such work. A large 
number of Kansas writers, usually young men and women, 
are contributors to the leading magazines, reviews and 
literary journals of the country. The story-teller is the 
coming man in Kansas ; the people will gather about him. 
Of later years, among those who have attracted attention 
may be mentioned Edgar W. Howe's "The Story of a 
Country Town"; the newspaper sketches of Harger, 

Since Noble Prentis laid down his pen several Kansas writers have 
come into prominence. Among them is Margaret Hill McCarter, with her 
charming short stories, "The Storv of a Cottonwood Tree," "Cuddy's 
Baby," and "In Old Quivera." William Allen White has written "The 
Court of Boyville" and "Stratagems and Spoils," and is attracting national 
as well as state attention by his strong magazine articles. Professor 
W. H. Carruth has given, arnong other poems of exceptional merit, an 
"exquisite literary gem" in "Each in His Own Tongue." and Charles M. 
Sheldon's book, "In His Steps," has been translated into German, French, 
Welsh, Swedish. Norwegian, Italian, Spanish, Armenian, Bulgarian, Rus- 
sian, Japanese, Chinese, Hindu, Danish, and a dialect of western Africa. 

Some interesting books of travel are : 

W. Y. Morgan's "Journeys of a Jayhawker." 

F. Dumont Smith's "Green Waters and Blue." 

E, W. Howe's "Daily Notes of a Trip Around the World." 



KANSAS LITEKATUEE. 309 

Morgan, Albert Bigelow Paine, and William Allen White. 
The widest circulation ever attained by the works of a 
Kansas author, has been by the stories of Rev. Charles M. 
Sheldon, of Topeka. ''In His Steps" and the succeeding 
volumes have been sold in many thousands, and trans- 
lated into various modern languages. These books are of 
a deeply religious character, and are visions of the "good 
time coming." Many of the Kansas men and women are 
equally facile in prose and verse, and it is remarked that 
John James Ingalls, whose prose illuminated the old 
"Kansas Magazine" and has been an attraction to Kan- 
sas readers always, has w^ritten the most perfect single 
verse in Kansas literature : 

OPPOETUNITY. 

Master of human destinies am I; 

Fame, love and fortune on my footsteps w'^ait. 

Cities and field I walk. I penetrate 

Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by 

Hovel and mart and palace, soon or late, 

I knock unbidden once at every gate. 

If sleeping, wake; if feasting, rise, before 

I turn away. It is the hour of fate. 

And they who follow me reach every state 

Mortals desire, and conquer every foe 

Save death; but those who hesitate 

Condemned to failure, penury and woe. 

Seek me in vain, and uselessly implore. 

I answer not and I return no more. 



BIOGRAPHY. 

James H. Lane. — In his lifetime, the year and place of the birth of 
James H. Lane was a matter of controversy. In a list of the members 
of the Topeka Constitutional Convention he is enrolled as a native of 
Kentucky, thirty-three years of age, and a lawyer by professio.n. He was 
born at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, on the 22d of June, 1814. He was the 
son of Amos Lane, first Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives, 
and a judge and member of Congress from that State. His mother was 
of an old and honorable New England family. At thirty years of age he 
enlisted as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, to serve in the 
Mexican War. He was promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, dis- 
played conspicuous gallantry at Buena Vista, and later commanded the 
Fifth Indiana Volunteers. After the war he was elected Lieutenant- 
Governor of Indiana, presidential elector-at-large, and a member of the 
Congress which passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, for which he voted, 

In 1855, the year after the passage of that Act, he came to Kansas and 
to Lawrence. His latest biographer, and devoted and intimate friend, 
Hon. John Speer, speaks thus of the event : 

"One bright morning in April, 1855, as Lane was passing with his team 
over the hill where the State University now stands, he halted and walked 
into the little hamlet now called Lawrence, named but without a charter, 
carrying a jug to fill with water to pursue his journey westward, but 
meeting a man named Elwood Chapman, who offered to sell him a 'claim,' 
he purchased and ended his journey." He entered the town which was 
to be his home and the field of an eventful and distinguished career, a 
Democrat from Southern Indiana, who had voted in Congress for the 
Kansas-Nebraska act. On the 14th of August, 1855, he participated in 
what is spoken of by the annalist as "the first convention in Lawrence 
of Free State men of all parties," and from that time forward he was 
what he later avowed himself, "a crusader of freedom." Tireless, inde- 
fatigable, alert, full of audacity, endless in plans and resources, he was 
everywhere — in war, in peace, in combat, in diplomacy, in battle and 
treaty. He was early an advocate of the "Topeka Government," the first 
organized effort for the admission of Kansas as a Free State. He was a 
member of the Free State Executive Committee, of which Charles Robin- 
son was chairman. He reported the platform of the Big Springs Con- 
vention ; he was president of the Topeka Constitutional Convention. 
When Kansas appealed to the North he became a national character ; he 
was called "Jim Lane, of Kansas." In April, he addressed the Legisla- 

310 



BIOGEAPHY. 311 

ture of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg ; in May, he spoke to a great meeting 
in Chicago, where $15,000 was raised for Kansas. 

When Kansas became a State of the Union, he was elected, after a 
memorable struggle, one of the first United States Senators ; and then 
came the great Civil War, in which he exhibited that strange blending 
of qualities, capacities and dispositions which belonged to him alone. He 
raised whole brigades, and commanded one of them in the field, even 
without a commission. 

In 1865 he was re-elected United States Senator almost without 
opposition 

A year later, as a Senator, he advocated the policy of President John- 
son, and broke with Kansas. He made a bold fight for his long supremacy. 
It seemed at times that he would win it back, but he knew at last that 
there was nothing to hope. Those who knew him best said that the 
thought drove him to madness and to death. 

He was a remarkable man. In the strange power of his speech there 
has been no other like him in Kansas. He made many enemies, but 
attached friends to himself as with hooks of steel, who remember him 
only as the "Crusader of Freedom." 



Charles Robinson was born in Hardwick, Massachusetts, July 21, 
1818. He came of that New England generation with whom life is a 
serious and strenuous business, an exploration into all the bays and inlets 
of thought and conviction. His lineage is traced through John Robinson 
of Plymouth Rock to the English royal line. Charles Robinson revealed 
his masterful spirit as a boy, making his own v/ay through Hadley and 
Amherst academies, and for a year and a half in Amherst College, 
Afterward he studied medicine and began professional life as a physician. 
But he was destined to travels and adventures. He went overland to 
California, crossing the site of Lawrence, and took sides there in a con- 
test for squatter's rights, which involved for him and his friends some 
actual fighting, followed by imprisonment. After the combat was over 
he was elected a member of the Legislature from the Sacramento district, 
and is honored as being one of the founders of the free state of 
California. 

In 1851 he returned to Massachusetts and resumed the practice of 
medicine. In 1854 he became interested in Kansas. 

Dr. Robinson entered into the work of the New England Emigrant Aid 
Society and led the second party of emigrants — the first, it is said, who 
came to stay — to the Lawrence town-site. Thenceforward he was a part 
of everything that went on in Kansas Territory. He was a great believer 
in the power of reason, in the virtue of the New England practice of 
"talking it over" ; nevertheless, he "dwelt in the midst of alarms." 
During the "Struggle," as we have learned, his home was burned, his 
property destroyed, and he himself arrested and held for months a pris- 
oner on the charge of treason, yet he never once turned his back to the 
foe nor hesitated in his performance of duty. His part in the Topeka 



312 HISTORY OF KANSAS. 

movement was a revelation of his strengtti in leadership, his power in 
control, his bravery, and his keen, sure judgment of affairs. 

Under the Wyandotte Constitution he became the first State Governor 
of Free Kansas. In 1851, Dr. Robinson married Miss Sara T. L. Law- 
rence, who accompanied him to Kansas, shared all the perils of the time 
and hour, and became a very clear and interesting historian of the events 
of the period. 

After so many perils past. Governor Robinson found himself at the 
head of the State in the midst of a war for the Nation's life. He may 
be said to have armed, equipped and sent the State to battle. In his 
message to the Legislature, he showed his right loyal patriotism by 
saying, "Kansas, though last and least of the States, will ever be ready 
to answer the call of her country." 

After his service as Governor, the name of Charles Robinson continued 
as prominent as before in the State. He was sent to the Legislature 
when there was work to do. One of the trusts he executed with great 
kindness and fidelity was the superintendency of the Haskell Institute, 
the Indian school at Lawrence. 

He was the steadfast friend of the Kansas State University ; he gave 
the original site ; his gifts amounted, it was estimated, to $150,000 ; 
and he made the University his final heir after his wife, who survives 
him. The Legislature appropriated $1,000 to secure his marble bust for 
the University. 

In his later years Governor Robinson resided on a fine farm three 
miles north of Lawrence, dwelling in the shade of noble trees which he 
planted with his own hands. Here he dispensed a grateful hospitality. 
He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, on a slope which faces the town 
which he saw rise in the prairie grass, and pass through the vicissitudes 
of siege, and burning, and carnage, to well-ordered peace and a prosperous 
destiny at last. 



Governor Carney. — Governor Carney was born in Delaware County, 
Ohio, August 20, 1827. He came to Leavenworth in 1858 and became 
immediately engaged in extensive mercantile business. He was elected 
Governor in 1862, in the midst of the Civil War, and was one of the 
Kansas "War Governors." At a critical period in the financial history 
of the State he pledged his private fortune to preserve the public credit. 



Samuel C. Pomeroy. — Samuel C. Pomeroy died at Whitlnsville, Massa- 
chusetts, August 27, 1891. He came to Lawrence with Dr. Robinson 
and the "second" company in 1854 ; was active in promoting Free State 
immigration to the Territory, and in the counsels of the Free State party. 

His first residence in Kansas was at Lawrence, but when the town-site 
company of Atchison was reorganized on the basis of political toleration, 
he fixed his habitation there, was active in the affairs of the young city, 
and in 1859 was its Mayor. In 1860, made memorable by the great 



BIOGRAPHY. 313 

drought, when the Legislatuic of New York appropriated $50,000 for 
Kansas, and every Free State contributed generously in money and goods, 
Mr. Pomeroy was the principal distributing agent of the aid. In 1861 
he was elected, by the first Legislature of the State, United States 
Senator. In 1867 he was re-elected Senator on the first and only joint 
ballot. He was prominent and powerful in -Kansas affairs. In 1873 his 
political star set in darkness, and he was defeated for re-election to the 
Senate. He was a native of Southampton, Massachusetts, was born 
January 3, 1816, and was seventy-five years old at the time of his death. 



Preston B. Plumb. — Preston B. Plumb was born in Ohio. In youth he 
learned the printer's trade, read law in that State, and was publishing a 
newspaper at Xenia when, in 1856, he was attracted to Kansas. He 
made a preliminary visit to the Territory, then returned to Ohio, and 
came back to Kansas with a party of twenty-eight young men, of which, 
though but eighteen years old, he was chosen Captain. He sought work 
at his first trade, and rose to be foreman of the "Herald of ITreedom" oflSce 
at Lawrence, but in a short time determined to go farther west in the 
Territory, and establish a town. After some trials the town started 
was Emporia, ever afterwards to be his home. Early in his town- 
building labors he was called away by the war, joined the Eleventh 
Kansas regiment, and rose to be its Lieutenant-Colonel. After the war 
was over he went back to the Neosho valley and began his labors, as 
lawyer, man of affairs, promoter, occasional legislator, and builder of the 
new country. He was widely known in Kansas, though not as an office- 
holder, when in 1877 he was elected to the United States Senate, to 
which he was re-elected in 1883 and 1889. 

He was blessed by Nature with a strong and vigorous frame, .and, 
conscious of his strength, he knew no rest. In Washington and at 
home, he was constantly at work. At last the end came from overwork. 
He died in Washington, December 20, 1891, in the fifty-fourth year of 
his age, and in full maturity of his powers. His death was regarded as a 
great loss to Kansas. His death was received with every outward demon- 
stration of respect. The Capitol at Topeka was draped in mourning, 
while the remains of the dead Senator lay in state in the Senate chamber, 
and the burial at Emporia was attended by many thousands. 

In November, 1896, the bronze bust of Senator Preston B. Plumb was 
installed in the Governor's room in the Capitol at Topeka, the gift of 
his widow. 



James M. Harvey. — Ex-Governor Harvey died on the 15th of April, 
1894, near Junction City, Kansas. He was born in Monroe County, 
Virginia, but removed with his father's family to Adams County, Illinois, 
and thence to Kansas. He had been but two years in Kansas when the 
Civil War came, and he entered the service with Company G, Tenth 
Kansas Volunteer Infantry, a regiment which furnished eventually a re- 



314 HISTOKY OF KANSAS. 

markable number of prominent men to the civil and oflacial service of the 
State and Nation. Captain Harvey displayed in the ranks of the Tenth 
the steady, patient valor which was native to him, and almost Imme- 
diately on his return to his home, in 1865, he was elected to the Kansas 
House of Representatives, and again in 1866. In 1867 and 1868 he was 
elected to the State Senate, and in 1868 was elected Governor of Kansas, 
and re-elected in 1870. In 1874 he was chosen to fill the vacancy in 
the United States Senate occasioned by the resignation of Alexander 
Caldwell, He remained in the Senate until March 4, 1877. With this 
brilliant experience of official life he might have been encouraged to press 
on, but, instead, he retired absolutely to private life. He had early in 
life added to the calling of farmer that of land surveyor, and his later 
years were devoted to the hard and toilsome occupation of a government 
surveyor in New Mexico and the West. Admonished by failing health of 
the necessity of living, if he would live, in a milder climate, he sought 
tide-water Virginia, and remained in the neighborhood of Norfolk for 
some years ; but moved by that irresistible impulse which often comes to 
men at last, to seek their home, he returned to Kansas, and near the 
familiar acres he had redeemed from the wilderness, he closed his 
honorable and useful life. 



Thomas A. Osborn. — Ex-Governor Thomas A. Osborn died at Mead- 
ville, Pennsylvania, on the 4th of February, 1898. He was born at 
Meadville, October 26, 1836. He learned the printer's trade, and read 
law in Pennsylvania, and came to Kansas Territory in 1857. On his 
arrival he worked first at his trade, in Lawrence, and received the thanks 
of the editor and proprietor of the "Herald of Freedom" for his efficiency 
as foreman ; afterwards he practiced his profession at Elwood, Doniphao 
County. The bent of his genius lay, however, in the direction of politics, 
and he was elected from Doniphan County to the State Senate, and chosen 
president pro tem. of that body. In 1862 he was elected Lieutenant- 
Governor. In 1864 he was appointed United States Marshal. In 1872 
he was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he was ap- 
pointed United States Minister to Chili, and in 1881 to Brazil. After his 
return fi'om abroad. Governor Osborn fixed his residence in Topeka, and 
represented Shawnee County in the State Senate. He was on a visit to 
his native place at the time of his death. Governor Osborn was a man 
of winning manners and distinguished appearance, one of the most 
popular of the public men of Kansas. His funeral at Topeka was 
attended by the fast diminishing company of Kansas Governors and a 
great concourse of people. 



Franklin G. Adams was born in .Jefferson County, New York, May 13, 
1824, and died in Topeka, December 2, 1899. For a quarter of a century 
he was secretary of the State Historical Society. He early espoused the 
cause of the anti-slavery party, was a strong believer in the prohibition 



BIOGEAPHY. 315 

of the sale and use of intoxicants, and he was an avowed supporter of 
the woman's right to the ballot. Among the works that remain, it may 
be recorded that he was the prime mover in establishing county normal 
institutes, and he early favored industrial training and the teaching of 
sciences in the public schools. He was the father of kindergarten schools 
in Topeka. He organized the State Agricultural Society, now the State 
Board of Agriculture, in 1862, and was for two years its first secretary. 
Judge Adams was the first man in any State to make a complete collection 
of local newspaper files and periodicals for Jiistoric preservation. In 
memory of him the State Editorial Association has placed a bronze tablet 
on the walls of the society's rooms in the State House. But his real 
monument is in the rare and valuable collection he gathered into the 
State Capitol, and in the history his strong, beautiful, blameless life 
helped to shape. 



Noble L. Peentis was born in a frontier cabin near Mt. Sterling, 
Brown County, Illinois, April 8, 1839, and, while visiting his daughter, 
died July 6, 1900, at La Harpe, Illinois, about fifty miles from his birth- 
place. His parents were pioneers from Vermont and both died of cholera 
at Quincy, Illinois, during the epidemic of 1849. The son, then ten years 
of age, returned to relatives in Vermont, where he lived for about eight 
years, going from Vermont to Connecticut to learn the printer's trade. 
Leaving Connecticut, he returned to Illinois, where he worked in a 
printing office at Carthage. Later he taught school, and at the close of 
one term of school enlisted in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry at the 
breaking out of the war. In this company he served until he was mus- 
tered out four years later. After the war he edited a paper in Alexan- 
dria, Missouri, and another in Carthage, Illinois. In 1869 he came to 
Topeka as editor of the "Topeka Record." He was induced to make this 
change by Captain Henry King, then editor of the "Topeka Record," after- 
wards editor of the "Topeka Capitol, "and now editor of the "Globe Demo- 
crat" in St. Louis. His subsequent newspaper connections were with the 
"Topeka Commonwealth" with T. Dwight Thacher, the "Lawrence Journal" 
with Floyd P. Baker, the "Junction City Union" with George W. Martin, 
again with the "Topeka Commonwealth," the "Atchison Champion" with 
Governor John A. Martin, the "Newton Republican," and the "Kansas City 
Star." At the time of his death he had been with the "Star" ten years. 
Of his voluminous literary products, only enough to make five books have 
ever been put into book form. These books are, "A Kansan Abroad," 
"Southern Letters," "Southwestern Letters," "Kansas Miscellany," and the 
"History of Kansas." The first four were composed of letters and articles 
he had written for various newspapers, the first being a fascinating series 
of letters from Europe written in 1877. Many other books could well be 
compiled of his lectures, sermons, addresses, editorials and descriptive arti- 
cles. Mr. Prentis was a good listener, an omnivorous reader and great 
observer. He forgot nothing that he ever heard or read or saw. His mem- 



316 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

ory was marvelous, but this did not prevent the work of his pen from being 
at all times strikingly original. His talent for narrative was wonderful. 
His sense of humor was unfailing, and he was in every way a remarkable 
conversationalist. As an orator, although he did not attempt public 
speaking to a considerable extent until middle life, he was singularly 
powerful. No Kansan was ever more widely loved and respected, and no 
one could have been better fitted to write the State's history. 

C. S. Gleed. 



John James Ingalls was born in Middleton, Massachusetts, Decem- 
ber 29, 1833, and died at Las Vegas, New Mexico, on August 16, 1900. 
He graduated from Williams College in 1855. In 1858 he came to Kansas 
and settled at Sumner, a frontier town. Two years later he moved to 
Atchison, which place was his home for forty years. He was associated 
with all the early political struggles of the State. For eighteen years, 
from 1873 to 1891, he represented Kansas in the United States Senate, 
serving that body in its most responsible requirements. In the absence 
of a Vice-President he was made President of the Senate, where he dis- 
tinguished himself as one of the most capable presiding oflBcers the body 
has ever known. The last ten years of his life were spent in comparative 
retirement. But during the period of home-building in Kansas, the period 
of Indian raid and grasshopper invasion, the time of marvelous growth 
and collapsing boom. John James Ingalls stood always a graceful figure 
at Washington, defending his State before the nation. Oratory was his 
weapon, and he was a force to be reckoned with in every contest in 
Congress, a power to be feared in every word-battle. 



Ex-Governor L. D. Lewelling died suddenly at Arkansas City on Sep- 
tember 3. 1900. He was a man of fine personal qualities and of upright- 
ness of character. He was a native of Iowa. His death was mourned by 
a wide circle of friends and business and political associates. He was 
elected Governor in 1892 and served two years. 



Samuel A. Kingman. — Of the men who laid the foundation stones and 
erected the superstructure of Kansas, none deserves more from posterity 
than Samuel A. Kingman, who lived to see the practical and beneficial 
results of those early efforts. At the time of the Wyandotte convention, 
Judge Kingman was at the very fullness of life, having been born June 26, 
1818, at Worthington,, Massachusetts. At the age of eighteen he started 
westward, stopping in Kentucky, where he studied law, served as a mem- 
ber of the Legislature, and as prosecuting attorney, and finally reached 
Kansas in the year 1857, locating at Hiawatha. He called that place his 
home until 1872, when he moved his family to the capital city, where most 
of his life in the State was spent. Judge Kingman was of the very 



BIOGKAPHY. - 317 

beginning of Kansas, serving as associate justice of the Supreme Court 
from 1861 to 1865, and as chief justice from 1867 to 1876, when ill health 
caused him to resign. He died September 9, 1901. 



Rev. Carl A. Swensson, Ph. D., president of Bethany College, Linds- 
borg, McPherson County, died at Los Angeles, California, February 16, 
1904. He was buried at Lindsborg, Tuesday, February 23. Doctor Swens- 
son's efforts brought Bethany College to a high rank among the institu- 
tions of its kind in the United States. King Oscar of Sweden was so 
impressed by Doctor Swensson's work for Swedes in America that he 
conferred upon him the Order of the North Star. This carries with it 
Swedish knighthood. 



Governor George T. Anthony came to Kansas after the close of the 
Civil War, in which he served as a captain of artillery. It was in 
Kansas that he entered upon a public career. He is said to have made 
his first public speech after he was forty years old. In Kansas he was 
almost continuously entrusted with official responsibilities. He was 
United States collector and president of the State Board of Agriculture, 
in which capacity he contributed to the success of the State at the 
Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, and in connection with George A. 
Crawford and Alfred Gray, compiled the third annual report of that 
board, said by competent authority at the time to be the finest agricul- 
tural report ever published. He was elected Governor of Kansas in 1876, 
serving in 1877-79. He was afterwards Railroad Commissioner, and at 
the time of his death was State Insurance Commissioner. His funeral 
occurred in the State Senate Chamber at Topeka. He lived seventy-two 
years. 



Governor John A. Martin served in the Civil War as Colonel of the 
Eighth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, and commanded the First Brigade, 
Third Division, Fourth Army Corps, and the Third Brigade, First Divi- 
sion, Twentieth Army Corps. He was elected Governor in 1884, and again 
in 1886. He was buried with military and civic honors of the most 
imposing character in Mount Vernon Cemetery, Atchison. 

Among the many positions of honor and usefulness occupied by 
Governor Martin, was for years that of member and Vice-President of 
the Board of Managers of the National Soldiers' Home. He was deeply 
interested in the Nation's provision for the care of its veteran soldiers, 
and his counsel and effort were given to the establishment of the Western 
Branch, which was located near Leavenworth, and has grown to be one of 
the finest military asylums in the country. 



Francis Huntington Snow. — Francis Huntington Snow, son of Benja- 
min and Mary Baldwin Boutelle Snow, a descendant of Richard Warren 



318 HISTOEY OF KANSAS. 

and Thomas Rogers, of the Mayflower Company, was born June 29, 1840, 
in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He attended the Pltchburg High School 
and graduated from Williams College in 1862. He entered Andover 
Theological Seminary early in 1864 and graduated in 1866, receiving at 
the same time has master's degree from Williams. He served two seasons 
with the Christian Commission at the front with the Union army, being 
present at Lee's surrender. In 1866, on the recommendation of Governor 
Charles Robinson, he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural 
science in the just opened University of Kansas, to the service of which 
his entire life thereafter was given. During his first year of service he 
preached almost every Sunday in nearby pulpits. He was married June 8, 
1868, to Jane Appleton Aiken. In 1870 he became professor of natural 
history ; in 1889, president of the faculties ; in 1890, chancellor of the 
University ; and on his retirement in 1901, professor of organic evolution, 
systematic entomology and meteorology. 

Professor Snow organized in the middle seventies the collecting expedi- 
tions which have resulted in the extensive natural history museums of 
the University, and, at the same time, the first scientific publication of 
the University, "The Observer of Nature." His papers are to be found in 
the Reports and Bulletins of the University and in the Proceedings of the 
Kansas Academy of Science, of which he was a founder and president. 
For some years he was an editor of the scientific journal, "Psyche." 
Throughout his connection with the University, Professor Snow made 
and published systematic meteorological reports. In 1881 his alma 
mater conferred upon him the degree of doctor of philosophy, and in 
1890 he received from Princeton University the degree of doctor of laws. 
In 1885 the Legislature named in his honor the new Snow Hall of Natural 
History. In 1890 the University received from a bequest of Dr. Snow's 
uncle, William B. Spooner, the funds with which the Spooner Library 
and the Chancellor's residence were erected. Among the most conspicuous 
of Dr. Snow's services, aside from his work as instructor and executive, 
was the discovery of a fungus fatal to the chinch-bug and of methods 
for its propagation and distribution. He was a member of the college 
fraternity Delta lUpsilon, and of the honorary societies of Sigma Xi and 
Phi Beta Kappa. He died at Delafield, Wisconsin, September 21, 1908. 

William Herbert Carruth. 



Edmund H. Morrill. — Edmund H. Morrill, of Hiawatha, Brown County, 
thirteenth Governor of Kansas, was born at Westbrook, Cumberland 
County, Maine, February 12, 1834. He came of an ancestry that for 
several generations had been prominent in New England. His education 
was secured in the common schools, in the Westbrook Academy, and in 
his father's shop, where he learned the trade of tanning. 

Young Morrill at the age of twenty-three went to Brown County, arriv- 
ing in what was then almost a wilderness, in March, 1857. His first busi- 
ness venture in Kansas was in the building of a sawmill ; but scarcely 



BIOGRAPHY. 319 

had this been raised to a profitable basis when the mill was destroyed 
by fire, leaving the young proprietor much in debt. In 1860 came the 
terrible drought, which afliicted all Kansas and which reduced the sturdy 
settlers of Brown County to dire straits indeed. Nothing could be more 
pathetic than the stories Governor Morrill told of the sufferings of the 
people during those dark days. A little green corn during the summer 
and a little ground corn during the winter formed the chief food for 
everybody. Naturally a benevolent and kind-hearted man, it is likely 
that the distress which young Morrill witnessed during this season was 
largely instrumental in making him what he was — a generous, free-giving 
benefactor of the poor. When the war broke out in 1861 he answered 
his country's call by enlisting as a private in Company C of the famous 
Seventh Kansas Cavalry. 

During his public life, he served the State in various oflSces and the 
Nation as Congressman. Commencing with his return from the war. 
Governor Morrill was in the real estate and banking business at his home 
in Hiawatha. It is given to but few to have such relations with a whole 
community as those which existed between Governor Morrill and his 
neighbors. For forty years he was the confidential adviser of hundreds 
of people who went to him with their problems and their troubles. Men 
have gone to him with money and placed it in his hands for investment 
and gone away and stayed away for years without even asking for a 
receipt to indicate his stewardship. Gaining what is one of the largest 
fortunes in the State, mostly through land speculations growing out of 
his unbounded confidence in the future of his region, he was never known 
to oppress a poor man, betray a trust, or take an unfair advantage. In 
Hiawatha he was the leader in all that tended to improve the town. He 
built the fine academy which graces the hillside, and he fostered it until 
now it is one of the best endowed institutions in the West. He gave the 
city a fine library, and his name stood first on every church and other 
subscription which passed among the people. Himself a deep reader and 
a lover of intellectual attributes in whatever form, he spent with prodi- 
gality in the cause of education, and no joy was greater to him than 
the pleasure of helping youth to learning. The family home in the 
outskirts of Hiawatha, amidst a fine park and surrounding fields, has 
been the abiding place of unpretentious hospitality. It was often made 
the gathering place of the townspeople in their social functions. As he 
passed about the grounds with a grandchild on either shoulder, pointing 
out here and there huge trees, which as slips he planted with his own 
hands, or calling affectionately to some animal among the many in 
which the place abounds, or telling always without malice a rollicking 
story of politics or men, one could go deep into the attributes of the 
greatest work of God — an honest, friendly, open-hearted. Christian 
gentleman. — Adapted from the "Topeka Capital." 



APPENDIX. 



THE STATE OF KANSAS. 

ORIGIN OF NAME, LOCATION OF COUNTY SEAT AND DATE OF 
ORGANIZATION OF EACH COUNTY.^ 



Allen. — Organized in 1855. County 
seat, lola. Named in honor of Wil- 
liam Allen, of Ohio, who was for 
many years a member of the United 
States Senate from that Common- 
wealth, and also its Governor. He 
favored the doctrine of popular sov- 
ereignty on the opening of the Terri- 
tory of Kansas to settlement. 





I /IQLA La : 



I 



Allen. 

AndePSOn.— Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Garnett. Received 
its name from Jos. C. Anderson, 
of Missouri, who was a member of 
the first Kansas Territorial Legisla- 
ture, and Speaker pro tern, of the 
House of Representatives. 

Atchison.— Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Atchison. Named for 



Anderson. 



David R. Atchison, a Senator from 
Missouri, and President of the 
United States Senate at the date of 
the passage of the Act for the organ- 
ization of the Territory of Kansas. 
He was a Pro- Slavery Democrat, and 
zealous partisan leader in the discus- 
sions and movements affecting the 
interests of slavery and its attempted establishment in the new 
State to be created. 




Atchison. 



*By permission, from Admlre's Political Hand Book of Kansas. 
& Co., Topeka. 

3^1 



Crane 



322 



APPENDIX. 




Barbep.—O^anized in 1873. County 
seat , Medicine Lodge . In honor of Thomas 
W. Barber, a Free State settler of 
Douglas county, who was killed in 
consequence of the political troubles, 
near Lawrence, December 6, 1855. 
(The county was originally named in 
the statute as "Barbour," but was 
corrected by special act of the Legis- 
lature in 1883.) 



Barber.. 



Barton. — Organized in 1872. 
County seat. Great Bend. In honor 
of Miss Clara Barton, of Massachu- 
setts, who won great distinction during 
the war for the Union by her remark- 



• Holman ivJoLji*^^ ^ ^ 
'".Berlin 
0- Majena 


3S 


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'Barton. 

ably effective philanthropic career in 
the sanitary department of the army. 

Bourbon. — Organized in 1855. 
County seat. Fort Scott. Received 
its name from Bourbon county, Ky., 
the latter having been one of the 



Bourbon. 

nine counties organized in 1785 by 
the Virginia Legislature, before Ken- 
tucky became an independent State. 
It was so called as a compliment to the 
Bourbon dynasty of France, a prince 
of that family (then on the throne) 
having rendered the American colonies 
important aid in men and money in 
their great struggle for independence. 
Colonel Samuel A. Williams, a native of 




Brown, 



DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



323 



Bourbon county, Ky., was a member of 
the House from Fort Scott in 1855, and 
it was at his request that the county was 
so named. He was mustered in as Cap- 
tain of Company I, Second Kansas Cav- 
alry, November 22, 1861, and resigned 
March 28, 1862. He died at his old home, 
Fort Scott, in August, 1873^ 

Brown.— Organized in 1855. County 
seat, Hiawatha. After 0. H. Browne, 
of Mississippi, who had been Senator 
and member of the House of Represen- 
tatives from that State, was United States 
Senator at the date of the Act organizing 
Kansas Territory, was re-elected for six 

years in 1859 




Butler. 



but withdrew with Jeffer- 
son Davis on the secession of the South- 
ern States. The name is properly 
spelled with an e in the original statute, 
but on the county seal the e was left 
off— accidentally, probably. All later 
statutes present the name without the 
final e. 

Butler. — Organized in 1855. County 
seat, Eldorado. For Andrew P. Butler, 
who was United States Senator from 
South Carolina, from 1846 to 1857. 

Chase.— Organized in 1859. County 
seat, Cottonwood Falls. Created out of 
portions of Wise and Butler counties, 
and named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, successively Governor of 
Ohio, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court. In the Senate he was earnest in 
his opposition to the extension of slavery into Kansas. 




Chautauqua.— Organized in 1875. County seat, Sedan, 
out of a portion of what was first God- 
frey county, named after "Bill" God- 
frey, a noted trader among' the Osages ; 
then Howard county, in honor of 
Major-General 0. 0. Howard, for 
his efforts in behalf of the Union. 
Chautauqua county, N. Y., was the 
former home of Hon. Edward Jaquins, 
a member of the Kansas Legislature 
in 1875 from Howard county, who 



Created 




Chautauqua. 



324 



APPENDIX. 




introduced the Bill which divided 
Howard into Chautauqua and Elk; 
hence, from his native place this 
county derives its name. The name 
orig-inally given (in 1855) to Howard 
county was Godfrey, and the name 
was changed to Seward in 1861. In 
1867 the Legislature, ignoring former 
names, created the county of Howard, 



Cherokee. 

which embraced all the territory of 
Seward and a five-mile strip additional 
on the west. 

Cherokee. — Organized in 1866. 
County seat, Columbus. First named 
McGee in 1855, for E. McGee, of Mis- 
souri, who was a member of the Ter- 
ritorial Legislature. In 1866 the name 




Cheyenne. 



lil^l^v:;^^^8S?;M; 


■ :V-!-y;;V-;lJ^-^v>.'::Fanoy 0^ 


:•:•.■'•' •■■.■■.■■.v^^i^Morgan \'ille/.-;-;V:-'; 


■i,'cha;§;^^|-;^V^^^^^ 


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■ ■'■: ■^?ll^;:-/y:-'Wakef'ier41^ 





Cherokee was adopted, from the fact that 
a large portion of the "Cherokee neutral 
lands," reservation of that tribe of Indians, 
w^as included in the geographical area of the 
county. 

Cheyenne.— Boundaries defined in 1873. 
Organized April 1, 1886. County seat, St. 
Francis. Named after the Indian tribe of 
that name. 



Clay. — Or- 
ganized in 1866. 
County seat. 
Clay Center. 
Named in honor 
^^^y- of the distin- 

guished Kentucky statesman, Henry 
Clay, who was chosen United States 
Senator in 1806. He afterwards served 
in both houses, and was in public life 
most of the time during a period of 
forty-six years. He was minister to 
England and France, and candidate for 




Clark. 



DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



325 



President in opposition to Polk. He 
died in Washington in 1852. 

Clapk. — Organized May 5, 1885. 
County seat, Ashland. Originally 
and correctly Clarke, with a final e, 
inmemory of Charles F. Clarke, Cap- 
tain and Adjutant-General, United 
States Volunteers, who died at Mem- 
phis, December 10, 1862. 

Cloud. — Organized as Shirley, in 
1860. County seat, Concordia. The 
county was 




Cloud. 




Coffey. 



Council. Colonel Coffey died at Dodge 
City in 1879. 

Comanche. — Organized February 
27, 1885. County seat, Coldwater. 
Named from the Indian tribe of that 
name . The county was first organized 

in the 



originally named after Jane Shirley 
of Leavenworth. The name w as 
changed to Cloud in 1867,- in honor 
of Colonel WilHam F. Cloud, of the 
Second Regiment, Kansas Volun- 
teers. 

Coffey.— Organized in 1859. County 
seat, Burlington. Named in hoiior of 
Col. A. M. 
Coffey, a 
member of 
the first 
Territorial 
Legislative 



[l^.^ } 


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Comanche. 



fall of 

1873, under a general law then in 
force, and was represented in the Leg- 
islature under that organization in 
1874; but that organization was held 
fraudulent and void. 

Cowley.— Organized in 1870. County 
seat, Winfield. Named in honor of 
Matthew Cowley, First Lieutenant of 
Company I, Ninth Kansas Cavalry, 
who died in the service October 7, 
1864, at Little Rock, Ark. The county 



Cowley. 



326 



APPENDIX. 




was originally named Hunter, after 
R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia. 

Crawford. — Organized in 1867. 
County seat, Girard. This county was, 
by an Act of the Legislature of 1867, 
created out of the northern half of 
Cherokee, which prior to that date 
reached to Bourbon. It was named 
in honor of Samuel J. Crawford, who 



Crawford. 

was elected Governor in 1864, and 
served nearly four years. The Legis- 
lature named the county in obedience 
to a resolution passed in convention, 
held to petition for its organization. 
Governor Crawford resigned in Octo- 
ber, 1868, to become Colonel of the 
Nineteenth Kan- 
sas Cavalry, 
specially raised 
for the Indian 
war of 1868-69. 




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Decatur. 



Dickinson. 



He served as Captain in the 
Second Kansas Infantry, and was Colonel of the 
Second Regiment Colored Volunteer Infantry, 
^during the war for the Union. 

J Decatur.— Organized in 1879. County seat, 
Oberlin. Boundaries defined by legislative 
enactment in [=-, 1873. Named in 

honor of Com- ij'''^^ ' modore Stephen 
Decatur, a dis- |ck.ud\\\^ tinguished Amer- 
ican naval ofii- 
cer. He fell in a 
duel with Com- 



modore Barron, United States Navy 
in 1808. 

Dickinson. — Organized in 1857. 
County seat, Abilene. In honor of 
Daniel S. Dickinson, who was a Sena- 
tor from the State of New York. In 
1847 he introduced, in the United 
States Senate, resolutions respecting 




Doniphan. 



DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



327 




territorial g'overnment, embodying the doctrine of 
opnlar sovereignty, afterwards incorporated in the 
Bill for the organization of Kansas 
Territory. He died in 1866. 

Doniphan. — Organized in 1855, 
County seat, Troy. In honor of Col. 
A. W. Doniphan, of Missouri. He 
commanded a regiment of cavalry 
during the Mexican War, marching 
across the plains, and taking a very 
prominent part in the conquest 



of New 
was a 

san in the effort made to extend 

slavery into Kansas. 

Douglas. — Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Lawrence. In honor of 
Stephen A. Douglas, United States 
Senator from Illinois, and candidate 
for the presidency in 1860. As a 
Senator, Douglas, in 1854, took a 
leading part in seeming the adoption 

of the 
' pop- 



Mexico. He 
zealous parti- 





Edwards. 



ular sovereignty" principle in the Act 
organizing Kansas Territory, which 
^ave the particular form of the issue 
involved in the Kansas struggle. 

EdwaPds. — Organized in 1874. 
County Seat, Kinsley. Named in 
honor of W. C. KdwMrds of Hutch- 



inson, 
AV h o 

built the first brick block in the 

county. 

Elk. — Organized in 1875. County 
seat, Howard. Created out of the 
northern portion of what had been 
Howard county. Named for the Elk 
river, which traverses its area from 
northwest to southeast. (See Chau- 
tauqua.) 

Ellis.— Organized in 1867. Hays is 
the county seat. Named in memory 




Eliis. 



338 



APPENDIX. 



of Georg-e Ellis, First Lieutenant of 
Company I, Twelfth Kansas In- 
fantry, killed in battle April 30, 1864, 
at Jenkins' Ferry, Ark. 

Ellsworth. — Organized in 1867. 
County seat, Ellsworth. Named after 
Fort Ellsworth, a military post built 
on the bank of the Smoky Hill, in 
1864. This fort was so called by 
General Curtis, in honor of the officer 




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Ellsworth. 



who constructed it, Allen Ellsworth, 
Second Lieutenant of Company H, 
Seventh Iowa Cavalry. When the 
name was adopted for the county it 
was supposed that the fort had been 
named in memory of Colonel E. E. 
Ellsworth, of national fame. 

Ford.— Organized in 1873. County 



Ford. 



seat, Dodge City. Named in honor 
of Colonel James H. Ford, of the 
Second Colorado Cavalry, and Brevet 
Brigadier-General United States Vol- 
unteers. 

Franklin. — Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Ottawa. Named in 
honor of the illustrious Benjamin 
Franklin. 

Finney. — Organized in 1884. 
County seat. Garden City. Originally 
Sequoyah, from the celebrated Chero 



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OTTAWA : 


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Lanc-d 


;^■^•..■•'.• .■.'■.•.■•.•;■■. Richmond 


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Frankhn. 

kee Indian of that name, the inventor 
of the alphabet of his language, and 
a most remarkable man. Changed 
in 1883 to Finney, in honor of D. W. 
Finney, then Lieutenant-Governor of 
the State. 

Geary. — Organized in 1855 as Davis county, 
which name was given for Jefferson Davis- 
United States Senator and Secretary of war — who 
became President of the Southern Confederacy. 



Finney. 



DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



329 



The Legislature changed the name to Geary, in 1889, in honor of 
John W. Geary, who was Territorial Governor of Kansas from 

1856 until March, 1857. County 
|:^'ar I seat, Junction City. 

a)*iiford| Gove. — Organized Septem- 
ber 2, 1886. Gove is 
the county seat. In 

honor of 

Captain 

Grenville 

L. Gove, 

Eleventh 

Ka n s a s 

Cavalry, 

who died 




•\-' 




(ieary. 



in 1864. 



Gove. 




Grant. 



Graham. — Organized in 1880. 
County seat. Hill City. In honor of 
Captain John L. Graham, of the 
Eighth Regiment, Kansas Infantry — 
killed in action at Chickamauga, 
Tenn., September 19, 1863, before he 
was mustered. 

Grant. — Organized June 9, 1888. 
County seat, Ulysses. Named in 
honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. 

Gray. — Organized July 20, 1887. 
County seat, Cimarron. Named in 
honor of Alfred Gray, late Secretary 
of the State Board of Agriculture. 

Greeley.— Or- 
ganized July 9, 
1887. County 
seat. Tribune. 
Named in honor 
of the founder of 
the New York 
Tribune. 

Greenwood.— 
Organized in 
1862. County 
seat, Eureka. 
This county re- 
ceived its name 

Gray. 



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Carmen "S. 





330 



APPENDIX. 




•'•Underwood- 



Greeley. 



as a compliment to Alfred B. Greenwood, 
who, about the time of the organization 
of the Territory, was commissioner of 
Indian affairs. He negotiated treaties 
on the part of the United States with the 
Sac and Fox, and other tribes in southern 
Kansas. 

Hamilton. — Organized January 29, 
1886. County seat, Syracuse. In honor 
of General Alexander Hamilton, the great 
American statesman ; he 
was killed in a duel 
with Aaron Burr, 
July 11, 1804. 

Harper. — Or- 

County seat, Anthony. 



ganized in 1873. 

The organization of this county was one of 
the. most glaring frauds ever perpetrated in 
the State. Attorney- General Williams, in 
his official report, says: ''It is not pretended 
that Harper county 
ever had an inhabit- 
ant." The form of 
its organization was 
legal on paper, and 



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lamilton. 



SO many hours he would be dead; the 
bet was taken, and Marion Harper 
won. 

Harvey.— Organized in 1872. County 
seat, Newton. Named for James M. 
Harvey, Captain of Company G, Tenth 
Regiment of Kansas Infantry, and 
Governor of the State from 1869 to 
1873 . In January , 1874 , he was elected 



that is all. In 1878 
the organization became legal. The county 
was named in memory of Marion Harper, 
first Sergeant of Company E, Second Regi- 
ment Kansas Cavalry. He was mortally 
wounded at Waldron, Ark., December 
29, 1863, and died the following day. His 
comrades say he took his death coolly. 
When brought 
in wounded, 
he proposed a 
wager that in 




Harper. 



DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES, 



331 



United States Senator to fill an unex- 
pired term ending m 1877. 

Haskell.— Organized July 1, 1887. 
County seat, Santa Fe. Named in 
honor of Dudley C. Haskell, of Law- 
rence, who died, while serving the 




Harvey. 

State as Congressman, December 16, 
1883. 

Hodgeman. — Organized in 1879. 
County seat, Jetmore. Named in 
honor of Amos Hodgman, Captain of 
Company H, Seventh Kansas Cavalry. 
He died' October 16, 1863, near Ox- 
ford, Miss., of wounds received in an 



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Haskell. 

action at Wyatt, Miss., October 10, 
1863. The name should be spelled 
Hodgman without the e — it was so 
spelled in the original statute of 1868, 
which created tlie county, but by 
accident — probably — in the statute „ , 

which defined its boundaries in 1873 Hodgeman. 

the e was inserted. Of course it is legally Hodgeman, and must remain 
orthographically incorrect until changed by legislative enactment. 
Jackson. — Organized in 1857. County seat, Holton. Originally 
Callioun, in honor 
of John C. Cal- 
houn, of South 
Carolina, changed 
in 1859 to Jack- 
son , after Andrew 
Jackson, seventh 
President of the 
United States. 

Jefferson.— 

Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Oska- 
lo jsa. In honor of 
Thomas Jefferson, 





Jacksoo. 



JeffersoDf 



332 



APPENDIX. 



North' : Branch. .;■.■■. ■; ;■ .■:■■:■; •.-.: 


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:;:::Ry;^ns^vV?.:■•■: 

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S^Teweil city; '; ; ; 


X':-:->:-:^'A wins •':'■;■ ■=;,; 



third President of the United States- 
author of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

Jewell. — Organized in 1870. County 
seat, Mankato. Named in memory of 
Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis R. Jewell, 
Sixth Kansas Calvary, who died No- 
vember 30, 1862, of wounds received 
in the battle of Cane Hill, Ark., 
November 28, 1862. 



Jewell. 

Johnson.— Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Olathe. Named for Rev. 
Thomas Johnson, who in 1829 estab- 
lished a mission among the Shawnee 
Indians, about 






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Johnson. 



Kearny. 



commanded United States troops in 



eight miles south- 
west of Kansas 
City. Mr. John- 
son took the Pro- 
Slavery side of 
politics, and was 
President of the first Territorial Council, 
was shot and killed, in January, 1865. 

Kearny.— Or- " 
ganized March 
27, 1888. County 
seat , L ak i n . 
Named after Gen- 
eral Kearny, who 



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Kingma 



the West during the Indian troubles. 

Kingman. — Organized in 1874. 
County seat, Kingman, which was 
named in honor of Samuel A. King- 
man, who was then Chief Justice of 
Kansas. 



Kiowa. 



DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



333 




jith 



Kiowa.— Organized March 23, 1886. 
County seat, Greensburg-. Named after 
the Kiowa Indians. 

Labette. — Leg-ally organized in 1867. 
County seat, Oswego. Originally part 
of Dorn county, after Colonel Earl Van 
Dorn, of the regular army (he was also a 
Confederate officer) , but changed from 
Dorn to Neosho in 1861, after name of 
the principal river in southern Kansas. 
Labette county has a peculiar history, 
not generally known, or at least not 
found in the books. Prior to the sum- 
l^l^^x^^ mer of 1866 all that part (and being the 

south half) of Neosho county, now com- 
prising Labette, was sparsely populated. 
In the spring- of 1866 there was a great rush 
of immigration to that locality, and the new 
settlers proceeded to organize a government 
of their own. They gave the name Labette 
en written La Bette), and called a con- 
vention, nominated a full set of county 
officers, and a representative to the State 
Legislature, and elected them at the Novem- 
ber election, and started a county govern- 
ment—for all of which no authority of law 
whatever existed. The "Representative" 
so elected was Charles H. Bent, who re- 
ported at Topeka with a petition^ "signed 
by John Gr. Kice and 224 other citizens of 
Labette county," asking that Mr. Bent be 

admitted to a seat in the House. He was admitted, and afterwards 
introduced a Bill to "organize and define the 
boundaries of Labette county," which passed, 
and was approved the 7th of February, 1867. 

Lane.— Organized June 3, 1886. Boundaries 
defined in 1873. County seat, Dighton. In 
honor of Senator James H. Lane, of Kansas. 

Leavenworth.— Organized in 1855. County 

seat, Leavenworth. From Fort Leavenworth, the 

most important military post in the West. It was 

established in 1827, and was named after "Colonel 

Henry H. Leavenworth, of the United States Army. 
LeavenwortL 




Lane. 




334 



APPENDIX. 



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Lincoln. — Organized in 1870. 
County seat, Lincoln. Named in 
liondr of Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth 
President of the United States, and 
author of the emancipation proclama- 
tion, who was assassinated April 14, 
1865. 

Linn. — Organized in 1855. County- 
seat, Mound City. Named for Lewis 



Lincoln. 

F. Linn, a distinguished United 
States Senator from Missouri, who 
died in 1843, in office. He was a 
colleague of Hon. Thos. H. Benton. 

Logan. — Organized September 17, 
1887. County seat, Russell Springs. 





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Linn. 

By an Act of the Legislature in 1887,' 
the name of the then unorganized 
county of St. John was changed to 
Logan, in honor of the late General 
John A. Logan. 

Lyon.— Organized in 1860. County 
seat, Emporia. 



Named by the first Leg- 
islature, Breckinridge, 
in honor of John C. 
Breckinridge , United 
States Senator from 
Kentucky, and who af- 
terward became Vice- 
President of the United 
States in 1856. Name 
changed in 1862 to Lyon, 
i 11 honor of General Na- 
thaniel Lyon, who was 
killed while in command 
of the Union Army at 




Marion. 



DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



335 



the battle of Wilson's creek, Mis- 
souri, Augnst 10, 1861. 

Marion. — Organized in 1860. 
County seat, Marion. Named for 
Marion county, Ohio, which ^Yas so- 
called in memory of General Francis 
Marion, of revolutionary fame. 

Marshall.— Organized in 1855. 
County seat, Marysville. After Gen- 



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Marshall. 

eral Frank J. Marshall, who estab- 
lished a ferry on the Big Blue at the 
crossing of the old Independence- 
( -alifornia road in 1849. He was a 
prominent member of the first Leg- 
islature, and had his own name ap- 



McPherson. 

plied to the county. Marysville was 
declared the permanent county seat by 
the Legislature in 1860. 

MePherson.— Organized, 1870. County 
seat, MePherson. In honor of Major- 
General James B. MePherson, United 





Meade. 



States Vohmteers, who was killed in 
battle at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. 

Meade. — Organized November 3, 
1885. County seat, Meade. Named 
in honor of Major-General Georp-e 
G. Meade, United States Army, who 
died in 1872. 

Miami. — Organized in 1855 under 
the name of Lykins. County seat, 



336 



APPENDIX, 




Paola. In honor of Dr. David Lykins, 
who was a missionary among" the 
Miamis. He was also a member of 
the first Territorial Council. Name 
changed in 1861 to Miami, after the 
tribe of Indians. 

Mitchell.— Organized in 1870. 
County seat, Beloit. In honor of 
William D. Mitchell, who entered the 



Mitchell. 



Union army as a private in Company K, 
Second Kansas Cavalry; was promoted 
to Captain in the Second Kentucky Cav- 
alry, and killed March 10,xl865, at Mon- 
roe's Cross Roads, N. C. 



Montgomepy. — Organized in 
County seat, Independence. Named for 
Gen. Richard Montgomery, born in Ire- 
land, December 2, 1736; was an officer of 



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Montgomery. 

distinction in the British Army: re- 
signed and settled in New York State 
in 1773; was appointed one of the 
eight Generals to command the Revo- 
lutionary army of America, in 1775; 
was killed in the attack on Quebec, 
December 31, 1775, shouting, "Death 
or liberty ! ' ' 



Morris. 



Moppis. — Organized as Wise in 
1855. County seat. Council Grove. 
Originally named for Henry A. Wise, 
who was Governor of Virginia during 
the John Brown seizure of Harper's 
Ferry. The execution of that "grand 
old man," at Charlestown, December 
2, 1859, was one of the last acts of 
Wise's administration. Name was 
changed to Morris in February, 1859, 
in honor of Thomas Morris, a United 



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Morton. 



DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



337 



States Senator from Ohio in 1832, who 
distinguished himself as an opponent of 
slavery. He died in 1844. 

MoPton.— Organized November 18, 1886. 
County seat, Richfield. Was named in 
honor of Honorable Oliver P. Morton, of 

Indiana. 

Nemaha.— 

Organized in 
1855. County 
seat, Seneca. 
Named from 
a river in Ne- 
braska — ^ the 
Nemaha, one 



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Neosho. 



and changed in 1861 to Neosho, after 
the Neosho river, which traverses the 
county from northwest to southeast. 
The name was given to the river by 
the Osages. 

Ness. — First Organized in 1873. 
County seat, Ness City. Disorganized 
in 1874; reorganized in 1880. Named 
in honor of Noah V. Ness, Corporal 
of Company G, Seventh Kansas Cav- 
alry, who 
diedAug. 



of whose branches drains the northern 
half of the county. 

N e o sh o . — Organized in 1864. 
County seat, Erie. The county was 
originally named Dorn (see Labette) , 





Ness. 



Norton. 



22, 1864, 

at Abbey ville, Miss., of wounds re- 
ceived in action August 19, 1864. 

Norton.— Organized in 1872. County 
seat, Norton. In memory of Orloif 
Norton, Captain of Company L, Fif- 
teenth Kansas Cavalry, killed by gue- 
rillas at Cane Hill, Ark., October 29, 
1865. In 1873 the county was repre- 
sented by one N. H. Billings, who, in 
consequence of his peculiarities, be- 
came a sort of butt of the Legislature, 



338 



APPENDIX. 




A member of the Senate at the time had 
the name of Norton changed to BiUings, 
in two Hnes hidden in a paragraph of a 
Bill fixing the boundaries of certain coun- 
ties. The next Legislature restored the 
name of Nor- 
ton. 

Osage.— 

Organized 

as Weller 

county in 

1855 ; name 

changed to 

Osage in 

1859. Origi- 
nally named for John B. Weller, of 
Ohio, member of Congress, and Gov- 
ernor of that State ; also Governor of 
California and Senator, Minister to 
Mexico, etc. The name Osage comes 
from the Osage river, the headwaters 
almost the entire county. Lyndon is the county seat 

Osbopne. 



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Creek.; 


Mound 
Naloni;i 


• Sta\ 


yc^' f Free W 
n;a|.r-. -.p„„e 

Ves:iii( o 

ViuceuL., , 


rville>: 
Delhr 




w 


o' '■ ■ ■ 


,: ; :: ;;X Cheyen 


ne: ■;. : 








Osborne. 




^rs 


of 


which stream 


drain 




Organized in 1871. County seat, Osborne. Named 
in honor of Vincent B. Osborne, 
Private of Company A, Second Kan- 
sas Cavalry, who lost his right leg 
January 17, 1865, on the steamer ^n»*a 
Jacobs, at Joy's Ford,, on the Arkan- 
sas river. 

Ottawa.— Created in 1860, and or- 
ganized in' 1866. Countj^ seat, Min- 
neapolis, Named for the tribe of 
Ottawas. 

Pawnee. — Organized in 1872. 

County seat, Larned. Named for the 
once powerful tribe of Pawnee In- 
dians, the area of this county having 
been included in their original hunt- 
ing grounds. 

Phillips .—Organized in 1872. 
(!ounty scat, Phillipsburg. Named 
in memory of William Phillips, a 
Free-State martyr, murdered September 1, 
1856, in Leavenworth. 

Pawnee. 




DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



339 



■•■.■.:■ '.Nance" •■.-, 
Pleasant Green ■ 
Crow; 




Phillips. 

Lieutenant of Company D, First Kan- 
sas Infantry, killed in action August 
10, 1861, at Wilson's creek, Mo. 

Rawlins.— Organized in 1881 . 
County seat, Atwood. Named in 

memory 



Pottawatomie.— Organized in 1856. 
County seat, Westmoreland. Named 
for the Pottawatomie Indians, whose 
reservation at the opening of Kansas 
Territory for settlement, and for years 
afterward, embraced a large portion 
of the geographical area of the county. 

Pratt.— First organized in 1873. 
County seat, luka, but not recognized 
in consequence of frauds. Pratt is now 
the county seat. Organized constitu- 
tionally in 1879. Named in memory 
of Caleb 
Pratt, 
Second 



■?NoraV«.J^.'»'"o.'i 




m-y^^-cf^ 




Pottawatomie. 



Gen. John 

A. Rawlins, 

who was a 

staff ofi&cer 

of General Grant, and went into his 

cabinet, when elected President, as 

Secretary of War. 



Pratt. 

Reno.— Organized in 1872. County 
seat, Hutchinson. In memory of 





Rawlins. 

Jesse L. Reno, Captain United States 
army, and Major-General of volun- 
teers, who was killed in battle. Sept, 
14, 1862, at South Mountain, Md. 



Reao. 



340 



APPENDIX. 



tiyvi'arwick 


v;;:::-;.:^.:;:^-^,::;.:.-^ 




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/A V' 




r» ~\ \ 


• Tia!;o yTMunden. ■.■•■• •■•i 


Rook~oV 1 


Sh erda h 1 -. / .y/^ ■. . . •. .; Ha wort h ; 
L BELLE Y>A>''— N.=f^'- >^ 


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1 X-*^^ \yne>''^' • ■■ r • • ■ .■ 




JNorwav./Lc-' \ ■■ • : • ■■.l: ■■.•-■■. 


KacklV 


>..'■.... Tali\ioT^ AgendaX ■; 



Republic. 



Republic. — Organized in 
County seat, Belleville. Received 
its name from the Republican river, 
which extends through the county. 
The river was so called because 
many years ago the valley of that 
stream was the seat of the "Pawnee 
Republic," a designation given to a 
principal division of the Pawnee In- 
dians, or Panis, as they were origi- 
nally known. 

Riee. — County seat, Lyons. Named 
in memory of Samuel A. Rice, Brigadier- General United States 
volunteers; killed April 30, 1864, at 
Jenkins' Ferry, Ark. 

Riley.— Organized in 1855. County 
seat, Manhattan. 
Received its name 
from the adjacent 
military post, which 
w^as established in 
1853, and called 
Fort Riley, in honor 
of Genoral Riley, of 

the United 

States army. 

Rooks. 





Rice. 



Organized in 1872. County 
seat, Stockton. -In memory of John C. 
Rooks, private of Company I, Eleventh 
Kansas Infantry, who died December 11, 
1862, at Fayetteville, Ark., of wounds 

received , in the battle of Prairie 

Grove, December 7, 1862. 

Rush. 



Rooks. 



Organized 
in 1874. 
County 
seat, La- 
C r o s s e . 
In memory 
of Alexan- 
der Rush, 
Captain of 
Company 
H, Second 



l/" Pleasant Dale 




Rash. 



DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 



341 



Colored Infantry, killed April 3, 1864, 
at Jenkins Ferry, Ark. 

Russell. — Organized in 1872. 
County seat, Russell. In memory of 
Alva r. Russell, Captain Company K, 
Second Kansas Cavalry, who died 
December 12, 1862, in field hospital 
near Prairie Grove, Ark., of wounds 
received in battle December 7, 1862, 
at Prairie Grove. 

Saline.— Organized in 1859. County 
seat, Salina. Named for the Saline 





Saline. 



river, whose waters drain a large area 
of the county. 

Scott. -Or- 
ganized Jan- 
uary 29, 1886. 
Scott is the 
County seat. 
Boundaries 
defined in 
1873. In honor 



of Major-General Winfield Scott, United 
States army, hero of the Mexican war. 

Sedgwiek. —Organized in 1870. County 
seat, Wichita. 
In memory of 
John Sedg- 
wick, United 
States army, 
Major-Gen- 
eral of volun- 
teers, killed in 
battle. May 9, 
1864, at Spott- 
sylvania, Va. 

Sedgwick. Sewapd.— 

Organized 

January 17, 1886. County seat. Liberal. 

Boundaries defined in 1873. In honor of 

Wm. H. Seward, Governor and United 




;;;;i.p^nce;:v^op 




~__J 


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Q y^ 


'■['■'■'M o'-.'.'-.'v.- -^J^ 


'>0— 


mmi 


*>l Basin 


■•■'■■■'.•'.■■■•^?Sr7^^^^^ 


H^ 
c' 


'■J^i^. ■■■[■■ y'-:-:- 


• Kneiid 



Scott. 




Seward- 



342 



APPENDIX. 




States Senator of New York, and Secre- 
tary of State under Abraham Lincoln. 

Shawnee.— Organized in 1855. County 
seat, Topeka. Was carved out of what 
was, before the treaty of 1854, Shaw- 
nee Indian lands — hence the name. 
General H.J. Strickler, of Tecumseh, 
who was a member of the council 
in 1855, and also of the Joint Com- 
mittee on Counties, claimed Shawnee 



Shawnee. 



for the name of his county, a prefer- 
ence stoutly contended for by the 
Reverend Thomas Johnson for the 
county in which the Legislature was 
sitting, but the committee yielded to 
General Strickler, and, without solici- 
tation, complimented Mr. Johnson by 
conferring his own name upon his 
county. 





Sheridan. 



Sheridan.— Organized in 1880. 
County seat, Hoxie. Named in honor 
of Lieutenant - General Philip H. 
Sheridan, United States army. 

Shepman.— Organized September 
20, 1886. County seat, Goodland. In 



Sherman. 

honor of General W. T. Sherman, 
United States army. 

Smith.— Organized in 1872. County 
seat, Smitli Center. In memory of 
J . NfdsonSmithjMajor of Second Colo- 
rado Volunteers, killed October 23, 
1864, at battle of the Little Blue, Mo. 

Stafford.— Organized in 1879. 
County seat, St. John. In memory 







WniiK^r, ■"■ -•■■y - 


Ohio - . 


«I:.':l 


nM;,ll. S*.Tw;;,*l 


■.■.'■'■• 


''■:■.<■V■-,,^^ 


1 




.4. 


''f.M '>'''' 


.■.■•;■. '.'All 




■^'sMITII RENTER . 




"^?^^Vv?;jr?^,;:.;. 




fe"''''" "f' 




■■■■/■'^ 


i|^i4-;-\-:v;Hlj 



DESCEIPtlON OF COUNTIES. 



343 



of Lewis Stafford, Captain of Company E, 
First Kansas Inf antry j who was accidentally 
killed at Young's Point, La., January 31, 
1863. 

Stanton. — Organized June 17, 1887. 
County seat, Johnson. This county was 
named after Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary 
of war under President Lincoln. 





Stafford. 



Stevens.— Organized August 3, 
1880. County seat, Hugoton. Was 



Stanton. 



named after the late distinguished 
statesman, Thaddeus Stevens. 

Sumner.- Organized in 1871 . 
County seat, Wellington. In honor of 




;^crm,^^. 






■■■■:-^v:v''p^^ 






M^ 




• 


,('l;ir(ih- 


'"HUOOTON. .' 




■.■;■'.•.■ Niagiiru* 


■,L;,n,y,. 


{,'■ 



Stevens. 

Charles Sumner, the distinguished 
Massachusetts Senator. In 1854 lie 



Sumner. 

was a leader in the opposition to ex- 
tension of slavery into Kansas, as 
proposed in the Bill to organize the 
Territory. 

Thomas. — Organized October 8, 
,1885. County seat, Colby. In honor 




Thomas. 



344 



APPENDIX. 




of Major- General George H. Thomas, 
United States army, who died in 1870. 

Trego.— Organized in 1879. County 
seat, Wakeeney . In memory of Edgar 
P. Trego, Captain of Company H, 
Eighth Kansas Infantry, killed Sep- 
tember 19, 1863, at Chickamauga, 
Tenn. 

Wabaunsee. — Organized as Rich- 
ardson, in 1859. County seat, Alma. 



Trego. 



The county was 
Colonel "Dick" 
Richardson, of 
Illinois, for 
whom the county 



created in 1855. 



was first named, was the leader in the 
House of Representatives on the Demo- 
cratic side in the debate on the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill. In February, 1859, the 
name was changed to Wabaunsee, that 

being the 
name of a 
chief of the 
Pottawatomie 
Indians. 





Wabaunsee. 



Washington,— 

Organized in 1860. County seat, 
Washington. Named in honor of 
George Washington, the first Presi- 
dent of the United States. 



Washington. 



Wichita.— 

Organized 
December 24, 
1886. County 
seat, Leoti. 
Boundaries defined in 1873. Wichita was 
the name of a confederacy of Caddoan 
Indians. 

Wallace.— Organized in 1888. County 
seat, Sharon Springs. Named after Gen- 
eral William H. S. Wallace of Mexican 
War fame. Died from wounds received at 
Shiloh, April 10, 1862. 

Wilson.— Organized in 1865. County 



-|:::Kc,p.e«;.-;:-,;^\w^.,^ 


inson i 


^.r..:r^^^ 




St. Thc■l•^■si^Y:^:7->y-^ 


■'V^.^ 


liB-M.£^ 




h^^vr?;^S:-',*^.v:-:v- 


"^"^^ 


: ■ :-^^'^^i&mi. 


■" 


r^----,.^. ■■:;:-•-::": 


''-^ 


L:.."^:-^^:^ 


--.,— 


1 •Conquest ,Ly(iia ■..■ 


•■''•■■'"'■'■' 



WichiU. 



DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES, 



345 



seat, Fredonia. This county originally extended to the south line 
of the State, and was named in honor of Colonel Hiero T. Wilson, 
who lived in Ft. Scott from September, 1843. He was the first 
white person to settle there. 





Wallace. 



Wilson. 



Woodson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Yates Center. 
Named in honor of Daniel Woodson, who was Secretary of the 
Territory, and for some time acting Governor, after the resigna- 
tion of Grovernor Shannon, in 1856. 

Wyandotte. — Organized in 1855. County seat, Kansas City 
(formerly Wyandotte) . Named after the Indian tribe of that name. 




Woodson. 




ORGANIC ACT. 



ORGANIZATION OF KANSAS TERRITORY. 



On 30th May, 1854, Congress Passed an Act Entitled "An 
Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and 

Kansas." 

The Organic Act took effect on its approval, 30th May, and on 
30th June, 1854, President Pierce appointed officers for Kansas, 
as follows: Andrew H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, as Governor; 
Daniel_ Woodson, of Virginia, as Secretary; Andrew J. Isaacs, 
of Louisiana, as United States District Attorney; Madison 
Brown, of Maryland, as Chief Justice; and Saunders W. 
Johnston, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore, of Alabama, as Associate 
Justices. Judge Brown refused the appointment, and Samuel D. 
Lecompte, of Maryland, was appointed Chief Justice on 3d 
October, 1854. 

The first eighteen sections of the Kansas-Nebraska Act relate 
solely to the Territory of Nebraska. The material portions of the 
sections of said Act relating to Kansas Territory, are as 
follows : 

§ 1. (Sec. 19.) All that part of the Territory of the United 
States, included within the following limits, except such portions 
thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations 
of this Act, to-wit, beginning at a point on the western boundary 
of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of 

346 



ORGANIC ACT. 347 

north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to 
the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said 
boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary 
westward to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the 
summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence northward on said summit 
to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel 
to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south 
with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, 
be, and the same is, hereby created into a temporary government, 
by the name of the Territory of Kansas; and when admitted as a 
State or States, the said Territorj^, or any portion of the same, 
shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their 
constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission; 
provided, tliat nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to 
inhibit the Government of the United States from dividing said 
Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner, and at 
such times, as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or from 
attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or 
Territory of the United States; provided, further, that nothing in 
this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights ot 
person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Ter- 
ritory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by 
treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include 
any Territory which, by treaty with an Indian tribe is not, with- 
out the consent of said tribe, to be included within the Territorial 
limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such 
Territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute 
no part of the Territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify 
their assent to the President of the United States, to be included 
within the said Territory of Kansas, or to affect the authority of 
the Government of the United States to make any regulation 
respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by 
treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to 
the Government to make if this Act had never passed. 

§ 2. [Sec. 20 provides for the appointment of a Territorial 
Governor, and defines his powers and duties.] 

f 3. [Sec. 21 provides for the appointment of a Secretary of 
said Territory, and defines his powers and duties.] 

^ 4. (Sec. 22.) The legislative power and authority of said 
Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a legislative 
assembly. The legislative assembly shall consist of a council and . 
house of representatives. The council shall consist of thirteen 
members, having the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter 
prescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. _ The 
house of representatives shall, at its first session, consist of 



348 APPENDIX. 

twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifications as pre- 
scribed for members of the council, and whose term of service 
shall continue one year. _ The number of representatives may be 
increased by the legislative assembly, from time to time, in pro- 
portion to the increase of qualified voters ; provided, that the whole 
number shall never exceed thirty-nine. * * * 

[This section then provides that the Governor shall cause a cen- 
sus to be taken before the first election, and that he shall make an 
apportionment declaring the number of members of each house 
to which each county or district shall be entitled, and "the first 
election shall be held at such time and places," and the first 
"legislative assembly shall meet at such place and on such day as 
the Governor shall appoint; but hereafter the time, place and 
manner of holding and conducting all elections, and the appor- 
tioning the representation in the several counties or districts to 
the council and house of representatives, shall be prescribed by 
Jaw, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular ses- 
sions of the legislative assembly."] 

§ 5. [Sec. 23 prescribes the qualifications of persons entitled to 
vote at the first election, which persons are made eligible to office 
at such first election.] 

§6. (Sec. 24.) The legislative power of the Territory shall 
extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the 
Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act; 
but no law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal 
of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the property of the 
United States; nor shall the lands or other property of non-resi- 
dents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents. 
Every bill which shall have passed the council anc[ house of rep- 
resentatives of the said Territory shall, before it become a law, be 
presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he 
shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to 
the house in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at 
large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such 
reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 
by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such 
cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, to be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the assembly, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case 
it shall not be a law. 



ORGANIC ACT. 349 

§ 7. [Sec. 25 provides for the appointment of township, district 
and county oflB.cers.] 

§ 8. [Sec. 26 declares that no member of the legislative assem- 
bly shall hold or be appointed to any office which shall have been 
created, or the salary or emoluments ol which shall have been 
increased, while he was a member, during- the term for which he 
was elected, etc.] 

I 9. (Sec. 27.) The judicial power of said Territory shall be 
vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and in 
justices of the peace. 

The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two asso- 
ciate justices, any two of whom shall constitute a q^uorum, and 
who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said Territory 
annually; and they shall hold their offices during the period of 
four years, and until their successors shall be appointed and quali- 
fied. The supreme court, or the justices thereof, shall appoint 
its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure 
of the court for which he shall have been appointed. 

The said Territory shall be divided into three judicial districts, 
and a district court shall be held in each of said districts by one 
of the justices of the supreme court at such times and places as 
may be prescribed by law; and the said judges shall, after their 
api)ointments, respectively, reside in the districts which shall be 
assigned them; and each of the said district courts shall have and 
exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Con- 
stitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the circuit 
and district courts of the United States. Each district court, or 
the judge thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the 
register in chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where 
the court may be held. 

The jurisdiction 9f the several courts herein provided for, both 
appellate and original, and. that of the probate courts and of 
justices of the peace, shall be as limited by law, provided, that 
justices of the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in 
controversy when the title or boundaries of land may be in dis- 
pute, or where the debt or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred 
dollars; and the said supreme and district courts, respect! v^ely, 
shall possess chancery as well as common-law jurisdiction. 

Writs of error, bills of exception and appeal shall be allowed in 
all cases from the final decisions of said district courts to the 
supreme court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by 
law; but in no case removed to the supreme court shall trial by 
jury be allowed in said court. 

Writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of said 
supreme court shall be allowed, and may be taken to the supreme 



350 APPENDIX. 

court of the United States, in the same manner and under the 
same regulations as from the circuit courts of the United States, 
where the value of the property or the amount in controversy, to 
be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party or other 
competent witness, shall exceed one thousand dollars, * * * 

§10. [Sec. 28 extends the provisions of the "fugitive slave 
acts" of 1793 and 1850 to Kansas Territory.] 

J 11. [Sec. 29 provides for the appointment of a United States 
District Attorney and a United States Marshal for said Territory.] 

§ 12. [SEC.SOprovidesthattheGovernor, Secretary, Chief Justice 
and Associate Justices, Attorney and Marshal, shall be nominated 
and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed 
by the President of the United States, and for their qualifyin^^; 
fixes the salaries of the Governor, Judges, Attorney, Marshal, and 
Secretary; and prescribes the compensation of members of the 
legislature.] 

§ 13. (Sec. 31.) The seat of government of said Territory is 
hereby located temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and such por- 
tions of the public buildings as may not be actually used and 
needed for military purposes may be occupied and used under the 
direction of the Governor and legislative assembly for such public 
purposes as may be required under the provisions of this act. 

§ 14. [Sec. 32 provides that a delegate to the house of repre- 
sentatives of the United States may be elected by the voters 
qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly; declares 
the first Territorial election shall be held at such time and places 
and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall appoint 
and direct; but all subsequent elections shall be held at such times, 
places and manner as shall be prescribed by law. And then 
follows as part of ^ 32 the famous declaration of ' 'squatter sover- 
eignty," (then called "the great principle of non-intervention,") 
as follows: 

"The Constitution and all laws of the United States which are not locally- 
inapplicable shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory 
of Kansas as elsewhere within the United States, except the eighth section 
of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union, 
approved March 6, 1820, which, being inconsistent with the principle of 
non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories, 
as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise 
measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void— it being the true 
intent and meaning of this act, not to legislate slavery into any Territory 
or State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof per- 
fectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own 
way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States; provided, that 
nothing therein contained shall be construed to revive or put in force any 
law or regulation which may have existed prior to the act of 6th of March, 
1820, either protecting, establishing, prohibiting or abolishing slavery." 



OKGANIC ACT. 351 

I 15. [Sec. 33 declares that money shall be appropriated, as has 
been customary, for the erection of suitable buildings at the seat 
of government, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at 
the seat of government for the use of the Governor, legislative 
assembly, judges of the supreme court, etc.] 

§ 16. [Sec. 34 reserves sections sixteen and thirty-six in each 
township for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Ter- 
ritory, etc.] 

^ 17. [Sec. 35 relates to judicial districts, the assignment of 
judges, fixing terms of and places of holding courts, etc.] 

§ 18. [Sec. 36 re(5[uires all officers appointed by the President, 
by and with the advice and consent of the senate for the Territory 
of Kansas, to give security for moneys that maybe entrusted with 
them for disbursement.] 

§ 19. (Sec. 37.) All treaties, laws and other engagements 
made by the Government of the United States with the Indian 
tribes inhabiting the Territories embraced within this act shall be 
faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything con- 
tained in this act; and that the existing agencies and superintend- 
encies of said Indians be continued with the same powers and 
duties which are now prescribed by laWj except that the President ' 
of the United States may, at his discretion, change the location of 
the office of superintendent. 

Approved May 30, 1854. 



AK ACT 



FOR THE ^ 



ADMISSION OF KANSAS INTO THE UNION. 



Whereas J The people of the Territory of Kansas, by their repre- 
sentatives in convention assembled, at Wyandotte, in said 
Territory, on the twenty-ninth day of July, one thousand ei^-ht 
hundred and fifty-nine, did form for themselves a Constitution 
and State Government, Republican in form, which was ratified 
and adopted by the people at an election held for that purpose 
on Tuesday, the fourth day of October, one thousand eight 
hundred and fifty-nine, and the said convention has, in their 
name and behalf, asked the Congress of the United States to 
admit the said Territory into the Union as a State, on an equal 
footing with the other States; therefore. 

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of JRepresentatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That the State of 
Kansas shall be, and is hereby declared to be, one of the United 
States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing 
with the original States in all respects whatever. And the said 
State shall consist of all the territory included within the follow- 
ing boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western 
boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty- seventh par- 
allel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said 
parallel to the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Wash- 
ington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of 
latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of 

352 



ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 353 

the State of Missouri; thence south with the .western boundary 
of said State to the place of beginning; provided that nothing 
contained in the said Constitution respecting the boundary of said 
State shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property 
now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, so long as such 
rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United 
States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by 
treaty with such Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of such 
tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of 
any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted 
out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of 
Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President 
of the United States, to be included within said State, or to affect 
the authority of the Government of the United States to make any 
regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other 
rights, by treaty, law or otherwise, which it would have been com- 
petent to make if this Act had never passed. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That until the next general 
apportionment of representatives, the State of Kansas s^iall be 
entitled to one representative in the House of Representatives of 
the United States. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act shall 
be construed as an assent by Congress to all or any of the propo- 
sitions or claims contained in the ordinance of said Constitution of 
the people of Kansas, or in the resolutions thereto attached; but 
the following propositions are hereby offered to the said people of 
Kansas, for their free acceptance or rejection, which, if accepted, 
shall be obligatory on the United States, and upon the said State 
of Kansas, to wit: 

First— Thsit sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in every 
township of public lands in said State, and where either of said 
sections or any part thereof has been sold or otherwise been dis- 
posed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may 
be, shall be granted to said State for the use of schools. 

Second — That seventy-two sections of land shall be set apart and 
reserved for the use and support of a State University, to be 
selected by the Governor of said State, subject to the approval of 
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and to be appropri- 
ated and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State 
may prescribe for the purpose aforesaid, but for no other purpose. 

Third — That ten entire sections of ,land to be selected by the 
Governor of said State, in legal subdivisions, shall be granted to 
the said State for the purpose of completing the public buildings, 
or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the 
direction of the legislature thereof. 



354 APPENDIX. 

Fourth — That all salt springs within said State, not exceeding 
twelve in number, with six sections of land adjoining- or as contig- 
uous as may be to each, shall be granted to said State for its use, 
the same to be selected by the Governor thereof within one year 
after the admission of said State, and when so selected to be used 
or disposed of on such terms, conditions and reflations as the 
legislature shall direct; provided that no salt spring or land, the 
right whereof is now vested in any individual or individuals, or 
which may be hereafter confirmed or adjudged to any individual 
or individuals, shall, by this article, be granted to said State. 

Fifth — That five per centum of the net proceeds of sales of all 
public lands lying within said State, which shall be sold by con- 
gress after the admission of said State into the Union, after 
deducting all the expenses incident to the same, shall be paid to 
said State for the purpose of making public roads and internal 
improvements, or for other purposes, as the legislature shall direct; 
provided, that the foregoing propositions hereinbefore offered are 
on the condition that the people of Kansas shall provide by an 
ordinance, irrevocable without the consent of the United States, 
that said State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of 
the soil within the same by the United States, or with any regula- 
tions congress may find necessary for securing the title in said 
soil to hona fide purchasers thereof. 

Sixth— And that the said State shall never tax the lands or the 
property of the United States in said State. In case any of the 
lands herein granted to the State of Kansas have heretofore been 
confirmed to the Territory of Kansas for the purposes specified in 
this act, the amount so confirmed shall be deducted from the 
quantity specified in this act. 

Sec. 4. And he it further enacted, That from and after the 
admission of the State of Kansas, as hereinbefore provided, all 
the laws of the United States, which are not locally inapplicable, 
shall have the same force and effect within that State as in other 
States of the Union; and the said State is hereby constituted a 
judicial district of the United States, within which a district court, 
with the like powers and jurisdiction as the district court of the 
United States for the district of Minnesota, shall be established; 
the Judge, Attorney and Marshal of the United States, for the said 
district of Kansas, shall reside within the same, and shall be enti- 
tled to the same compensation as the Judge, Attorney and Marshal 
of the district of Minnesota; and in all cases of appeal or writ of 
error heretofore prosecuted, and now pending in the supreme court 
of the United States upon any record from the supreme court of 
Kansas Territory, the mandate of execution or order of further 
proceeding shall be directed by the supreme court of the United 



ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 355 

States to the district court of the United States for the district of 
Kansas, or to the supreme court of the State of Kansas, as the 
nature of such appeal or writ of error may require ; and each of 
those courts shall be the successor of the supreme court of Kansas 
Territory as to all such cases, with full power to hear and deter- 
mine the same, and to award mesne or final process therein. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Judge of the dis- 
trict court for the district of Kansas shall hold two regular terms 
of said court annually at the seat of government of the said State, 
to commence on the second Mondays of April and October in each 
year. 

Approved 29th January, 1861. 



Assent of State to Propositions of Congress. 

Chapter 6, Laws of 1862. 

Joint Resolution of the Legisi-ature of the State of Kansas, 
Accepting the Terms Imposed by Congress Upon the Admis- 
sion OF THE State of Kansas Into the Union. 

Be it resolved by the legislature of the State of Kansas, That the 
propositions contained in the act of congress, entitled "An Act for 
the admission of Kansas into the Union," are hereby accepted, 
ratified, and confirmed, and shall remain irrevocable, without the 
consent of the United States. And it is hereby ordained, that this 
State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil 
within the same by the United States, or with any regulations 
congress may find necessary for securing the title to said soil, to 
bona fide purchasers thereof; and no tax shall be imposed on lands 
belonging to the United States. 

Approved January 20, 1862. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE 

OF KANSAS. 



Adopted AT Wyandotte, July 29, 1859. Ratified by the People, 
October 4, 1859. Went into Operation, January 29, 1861. 



With all Amendments Adopted Prior' to January 1, 1899. 



Preamble. —Boundaries. 

We, the People of Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our 
civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment 
of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution of the State of Kansas, with the following 
boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary 
of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north 
latitude crosses the same ; thence running west on said parallel to 
the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington; 
thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of north lati- 
tude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the 
State of Missouri; thence south, with the western boundary of said 
State, to the place of beginning. 



BILL OF RIGHTS. 

Section 1. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable 
natural rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
happiness. 

Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all 
free governments are founded on their authority, and are insti- 
tuted for their equal protection and benefit. No special privileges 

^' 356 



CONSTITUTION. 357 

or immunities shall ever be granted by the legislature, which may 
not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the same body; and this 
power shall be exercised by no other tribunal or agency. 

Sec. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable 
manner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their repre- 
sentatives, and to petition the Government, or any department 
thereof, for the redress of grievances. 

Sec. 4. ^ The people have the right to bear arms for their defense 
and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous 
to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be in 
strict subordination to the civil power. 

Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate. 

Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State j and no involun- 
tary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the 
party shall have been duly convicted. 

Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of 
conscience, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be 
compelled to attend or support any form of worship; nor shall any 
control of, or interference with the rights of conscience be 
permitted, nor any preference be given by law to any religious 
establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property 
qualification shall be re(j[uired for any office of public trust, nor 
for any vote at any election; nor shall any person be incompetent 
to testify on account of religious belief. 

Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion 
or rebellion. 

Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties, 
except for capital offenses, where proof is evident or the pre- 
sumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted. 

Sec. 10. In all prosecutions, the accused shall be allowed to 
appear and defend in person, or by counsel; to demand the nature 
and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face 
to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance 
of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial • by an 
impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is 
alleged to have been committed. No person shall be a witness 
against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy f©r the same offense. 

Sec. 11. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate; and all 
persons may freely speak, write, or publish their sentiments on 
all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and in 
all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in 
evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous 



358 APPENDIX. 

matter was published for justifiable ends, the accused party shall 
be acquitted. 

Sec. 12. No person shall be transported from the State for any 
offense committed within the same ; and no conviction in the State 
shall work a corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. 

Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying- war against the 
State, adhering to its enemies, or g-iving them aid and comfort. 
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of 
two witnesses to the overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the occupant; nor in time of war, 
except as prescribed by law. 

Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons 
and property against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall be 
inviolate; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, sup- 
ported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or property to be seized. 

Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt except in cases 
of fraud. 

Sec. 17. No distinction shall ever be made between citizens of 
the State of Kansas and the citizens of other States and Territo- 
ries of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoyment 
or descent of property. The rights of aliens in reference to the 
purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated by 
law. 

Sec. 18. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, reputation 
or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice 
administered without delay. 

Sec. 19. No hereditary emoluments, honors or privileges, shall 
ever be granted or conferred by the State. 

Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to 
impair or deny others retained by the people ; and all powers not 
herein delegated remain with the people. 



ARTICLE 1„ 

executive department. 

Section 1. The executive department shall consist of a Gover- 
nor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, 
Attorney- General and Superintendent of Public Instruction; who 
shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place 



CONSTITUTION. 359 

of voting: for members of the legislature, and shall hold their 
offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of 
January next after their election, and until their successors are 
elected and qualified. 

Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the 
returns of every election for the officers named in the foreg-oing- 
section shall be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the 
boards of canvassers of the several counties to the Secretary of 
State, who, with the Lieutenant-Governor and Attorney-General 
shall constitute a board of State canvassers, whose duty it shall 
be to meet at the State capital on the second Tuesday of Decem- 
ber succeeding- each election for State officers, and canvass the 
vote for such officers and proclaim the result; but in case any two 
or more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the legis- 
lature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of said j)ersons so having 
an equal and the highest number of votes for said office. 



OF THE GOVERNOR. 

Sec. 3. The supreme executive power of the State shall be 
vested in a Governor, who shall see that the laws are faithfully 
executed. 

Sec. 4. He may require information in writing from the officers 
of the executive department upon any subject relating to their 
respective duties. 

Sec. 5. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the legis- 
lature by proclamation, and shall at the commencement of every 
session communicate in writing such information as he may pos- 
sess in reference to the condition of the State, and recommend 
such measures as he may deem expedient. 

Sec. 6. In case of disagreement between the two houses in 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn the legisla- 
ture to such time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular 
meeting. 

Sec. 7. The pardoning power shall be vested in the Governor 
under regulations and restrictions prescribed by law. 

Sec. 8. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept 
by the Governor, and used by him officially, and which shall be 
the great seal of Kansas. 

Sec. 9. All commissions shall be issued in the name of the 
State of Kansas, signed by the Governor, countersigned by the 
Secretary of State, and sealed with the great seaL 



360 APPENDIXo 

Sec. lOo No member of congress, or officer of the State, or of 
the United States, shall hold the office of Governor, except as 
herein provided, 

OF THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. 

Sec. 11. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, , 
Temoval or other disability of the Governor, the power and duties 
of the office for the residue of the term, or until the disability- 
shall be removed, shall devolve upon the president of the senate. 

Sec. 12. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the 
senate, and shall vote only when the senate is equally divided. 
The senate shall choose a president ^9ro tempore, to preside in case 
of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall hold the office of 
Governor. 

Sec. 13. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while holding the office 
of Governor, shall be impeached or displaced, or shall resign, or 
die, or otherwise become incapable of performing the duties of 
the office, the presideilt of the senate shall act as Governor until 
the vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the president 
of the senate, for any of the above causes, shah be rendered inca- 
pable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Governor, 
the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of repre- 
sentatives. 



OTHER STATE OFFICERS, 

Sec. 14. Should either the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas- 
urer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
become incapable of performing the duties of his office, for any 
of the causes specified in the thirteenth section of this article, the 
Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or 
a successor is elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be 
filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than 
thirty days after it shall have happened; and the person chosen 
shall hold the office for the unexpired term. 



SALARIES AND OFFICIAL REPORTS. 

Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, to be established 
by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during 
the period for which they shall have been elected. 



CONSTITUTION. 361 

Sec. 16. The officers of the executive department, and of all 
public State institutions, shall, at least ten days preceding" each 
regular session of the legislature, severally report to the Governor, 
who shall transmit such reports to the legislature. 



ARTICLE 2. 

LEGISLATIVE. 

Section 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested 
in a house of representatives and senate. 

Sec. 2. The number of representatives and senators shall be 
regulated by law, but shall never exceed one hundred and twenty- 
hve representatives and forty senators. From and after the 
adoption of this amendment [November, 1873], the house of 
representatives shall admit one member for each county in which 
at least two hundred and fifty legal votes were cast at the next 
preceding general election ; and each organized county in which 
less than two hundred legal votes were cast at the next preceding 
general election shall be attached to and constitute a part of the 
representative district of the county lying next adjacent to it on 
the east. 

Sec. 3. The rnembers of the legislature shall receive as com- 
pensation for their services the sum of three dollars for each day's 
actual service at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents 
for each mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning 
from the place of meeting; but such compensation shall not in the 
aggregate exceed the sum of two hundred and forty dollars for 
each member, as per diem allowance for the first session held 
under this Constitution, nor more than one hundred and fifty dol- 
lars for each session thereafter, nor more than ninety dollars for 
any special session. 

SeC; 4. No person shall be a member of the legislature who is 
not at the time of his election a qualified voter of, and a resident, 
in, the county or district for which he is elected. 

Sec. 5. _ No member of congress or officer of the United States 
shall be eligible to a seat in the legislature. If any person after 
his election to the legislature, be elected to congress or elected or 
appointed to any of&ce under the United States, his acceptance 
thereof shall vacate his seat. 

Sec. 6. No person convicted of embezzlement or misuse of the 
public funds shall have a seat in the legislature. 



362 APPENDIX. 

Sec. 7. All State officers, before entering upon their respective 
duties, shall take and subscribe an oath or affirmation to support 
the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this 
State, and faithfully to discharge the duties of their respective 
offices. 

Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum. 
Each house shall establish its own rules, and shall be judge of the 
elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. 

Sec. 9. All vacancies occurring in either house shall be filled 
for the unexpired term by election. 

Sec. 10. Each house shall keep and publish a journal of its 
proceedings. The yeas and nays shall be taken and entered imme- 
diately on the journal, upon the final passage of every bill or 
joint resolution. Neither house, without the consent of the other, 
shall adjourn for more than two days, Sundays excepted. 

Sec. 11. Any member of either house shall have the right to 
protest against any act or resolution; and such protest shall with- 
out delay or alteration be entered on the journal. 

Sec. 12. Bills may originate in either house, but may be 
amended or rejected by the other. 

Sec. 13. A majority of all the members elected to each house, 
voting in the affirmative, shall be necessary to pass any bill or 
joint resolution. 

Sec. 14. Every bill and joint resolution passed by the house of 
representatives and senate, shall within two days thereafter be 
signed by the presiding officers, and presented to the Governor; 
if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it to 
the house of representatives, which shall enter the objections at 
large upon its journal and proceed to reconsider the same. If 
after such reconsideration two-thirds of the members elected shall 
agree to pass the bill or resolution, it shall be sent with the 
objections to the senate, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 
and if approved by two-thirds of all the members elected, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the vote shall be taken by 
yeas and nays, and entered upon the journals of each house. If 
any bill shall not be returned within three days (Sunday excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to the Governor, it shall become 
i law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature 
by its adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not 
become a law. If any bill presented to the Governor contains 
several items of appropriation of money, he may object to one or 
more of such items, while approving the other portion of the bill; 
in such case he shall append to the bill, at the time of signing it, 
a statement of the item or items to which he objects, and the 
reasons therefor, and shall transmit such statement, or a copy 



CONSTITUTION. 363 

thereof, to the House of Representatives, and any appropriations 
so objected to shall not take effect unless reconsidered and 
approved by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, 
and, if so reconsidered and approved, shall take effect and become 
a part of the bill, in which case the presiding officers of each 
house shall certify on such bill such fact of reconsideration and 
approval. - 

Sec. 15. Every bill shall be read on three separate days in each 
house, unless in case of emergency. Two-thirds of the house 
where such bill is pending may, if deemed expedient, suspend the 
rules; but the reading of the bill by sections on its final passage, 
shall in no case be dispensed with. 

Sec. 16. No bill shall contain more than one subject, which 
shall be clearly expressed in its title, and no law shall be revived 
or amended unless the new act contains the entire act revived, or 
the section or sections amended, and the section or sections so 
amended shall be repealed. 

Sec. 17. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform 
operation throughout the State; and in all cases w^iere a general 
law can be made applicable, no special law can be enacted. 

Sec. 18. All power to grant divorces is vested in the district 
courts, subject to regulation by law. 

Sec. 19. The legislature shall prescribe the time when its acts 
shall be in force, and shall provide for the speedy publication of 
the same; and no law of a general nature shall be in force until 
the same be published. It shall have the power to provide for 
the election or appointment of all officers, and the filling of all 
vacancies not otherwise provided for in the Constitution. 

Sec. 20. The enacting clause of all laws shall be, "Be it enacted 
by the legislature of the State of Kansas;" and no law shall be 
enacted except by bill. 

Sec. 21. The legislature may confer upon tribunals transacting 
the county business of the several counties, such powers of local 
legislation and administration as it shall deem expedient. 

Sec. 22. For any speech or debate in either house the members 
shall not be questioned elsewhere. No member of the legislature 
shall be subject to arrest — except for felony or breach of the 
peace — in going to, or returning from, the place of meeting,^ or 
during the continuance of the session; neither shall he be subject 
to the service of any civil process during the session, nor for 
fifteen days previous to its commencement. 

Sec. 23. The legislature, in providing for the formation and 
regulation of schools, shall make no distinction between the rights 
of males and females. 



364 » APPENDIX. 

Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, except in 
pursuance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appro- 
priation shall be for a longer term than two years. 

Sec. 25. All sessions of the legislature shall be held at the 
State capital, and beginning with the session of eighteen hundred 
and seventy-seven, all regular sessions shall be held once in two 
years, commencing on the second Tuesday of January of each 
alternate year thereafter. 

Sec. 26. The legislature shall provide for taking an enumera- 
tion of the inhabitants of the State at least once in ten years. 
The first enumeration shall be taken in A. D. 1865. 

Sec. 27. The house of representatives shall have the sole power 
to impeach. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate; and 
when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall take an oath to 
do justice according to the law and the evidence. No person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
senators elected. 

Sec. 28. The Governors and all other officers under this consti- 
tution shall be subject to impeachment for any misdemeanor in 
office; but judgment in all such cases shall not be extended 
further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold 
any office of profit, honor or trust under this Constitution; but the 
party, whether acquitted or convicted, shall be liable to indict- 
ment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 

Sec. 29. At the general election held in eighteen hundred and 
seventy-six, and thereafter, members of the house of representa- 
tives shall be elected for two years, and members of the senate 
shall be elected for four years. 



ARTICLE 3. 

JUDICIAL. 

Section 1. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in 
a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, justices of the 
peace, and such other courts inferior to the supreme court as 
may be provided by law; and all courts of record shall have a 
seal, to be used in the authentication of all process. 

Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of seven justices, who 
shall be chosen by the electors of the State. They may sit sepa- 
rately in two divisions, with full power in each division to deter- 
mine the cases assigned to be heard by such division. Three 



CONSTITUTION. 365 

justices shall constitute a quorum in each division; and the con- 
currence of three shall be necessary to a decision. Such cases 
only as may be ordered to be heard by the whole court shall be 
considered by all the justices, and the concurrence of for.r justices 
shall be necessary to a decision in cases so heard. The justice 
who is senior in continuous term of service shall be chief justice, 
and in case two or more have continuously served during- the 
same period, the senior in years of these shall be chief justice, 
and the presiding justice of each division shall be selected from 
the judge assigned to that division in like manner. The term of 
office of the justices shall be six years, except as hereinafter 
provided. 

The justices in office at the time this amendment takes effect 
shall hold their offices for the terms for which they were_ severally 
elected, and until their successors are elected and qualified. As 
soon as practicable after the second Monday in January, 1901, the 
Governor shall appoint four justices to hold their office until the 
second Monday in January, 1903. At the general election in 1902 
there shall be elected five justices, one of whom shall hold his 
office for five years, one of whom shall hold his office for two 
years, one tor four years and three for six years. At the general 
election in 1904, and every six years thereafter, two justices shall 
be elected. At the general election in 1906, and every six years 
thereafter, two justices shall be elected. At the general election 
in 1908, and every six years thereafter, three justices shall be 
elected. 

Sec. 3. The supreme court shall have orig-inal jurisdiction in 
proceedings in quo warra7ito, mandamus and habeas corpus; and 
such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall 
hold one term each year at the seat of government, and such 
other terms at such places as may be provided by law, and its 
jurisdiction shall be co-extensive with the State. 

Sec. 4. There shall be appointed by the justices of the 
supreme court, a reporter and clerk of said court, who shall hold 
their offices two years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five judicial districts, in 
each of which there shall be elected, by the electors thereof, a 
district judge, who shall hold his office for the term of four years. 
District courts shall be held at such times and places as may be 
provided by law. 

Sec. 6. The district courts shall have such jurisdiction in their 
respective districts as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 7. There shall be elected in each organized county a clerk 
of the district court, who shall hold his office two years, and 
•whose duties shall be prescribed by law. 



366 APPENDIX. 

Sec. 8. There shall be a probate court in each county, which 
shall be a court of record, and have such probate jurisdiction and 
care of estates of deceased persons, minors and persons of 
unsound minds, as may be prescribed by law, and shall have juris- 
diction in cases of habeas corpus. This court shall consist of one 
judge, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the county, 
and hold his office two years. He shall be his own clerk, and 
shall hold court at such times, and receive for compensation such 
fees as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 9. Two justices of the peace shall be elected in each 
township, whose term of office shall be two years, and whose 
powers and duties shall be prescribed^ by law. The number of 
justices of the peace may be increased in any township by law. 

Sec. 10. All appeals from probate courts and justices of the 
peace shall be to the district court. 

Sec. 11. All the judicial officers provided for by this article 
shall be elected at the first election under this Constitution, and 
shall reside in their respective townships, counties or districts 
during their respective terms of office. In case of vacancy in any 
judicial office, it shall be filled by appointment of the Governor 
until the next regular election that shall occur more than thirty 
days after such vacancy shall have happened. 

Sec. 12. All judicial officers shall hold their offices until their 
successors shall have qualified. 

Sec. 13. The justices of the supreme court and judges of the 
district courts shall, at stated times, receive for their services such 
compensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be 
inci*eased during their respective terms of office; provided such 
compensation shall not be less than fifteen hundred dollars to each 
justice or judge each year, and such justices or judges shall 
receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit 
or trust under the authority of the State or the United States dur- 
ing the term of offi.ce for which said justices and judges shall be 
elected, nor practice law in any of the courts in the State during 
their continuance in office. 

Sec. 14. Provision may be made by law for the increase of the 
number of judicial districts whenever two-thirds of the members 
of each house shall concur. Such districts shall be formed of 
compact Territory, and bounded by county lines, and such 
increase shall not vacate the office of any judge. 

Sec. 15. Justices of the supreme court and judges of the dis- 
trict courts may be removed from office by resolution of both 
houses, if two-thirds of the members of each house concur; but 
no such removal shall be made except upon complaint, the sub- 



CONSTITUTION. 367 

stance of which shall be entered upon the journal, nor until the 
party charged shall have had notice and opportunity to be heard. 

Sec. 16. The several justices and_ judges_ of the courts of 
record in this State, shall have such jurisdiction at chambers as 
may be provided by law. 

Sec. 17. The style of all process shall be "The State of Kansas," 
and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the State. 

Sec. 18. Until otherwise provided by law, the first district 
shall consist of the counties of Wyandotte, Leavenworth, Jeffer- 
son and Jackson. The second district shall consist of the counties 
of Atchison, Doniphan, Brown, Nemaha, Marshall and Washing- 
ton. The third district shall consist of the counties of Pottawa- 
tomie, Riley, Clay, Dickinson, Davis, Wabaunsee and Shawnee. 
The fourth district shall consist of the counties of Douglas, John- 
son, Lykins, Franklin, Anderson, Linn, Bourbon and Allen. The 
fifth district shall consist of the counties of Osage, Coffey, Wood- 
son, Greenwood, Madison, Breckinridge, Morris, Chase, Butler 
and Hunter. 

Sec. 19. New or unorganized counties shall by law be attached 
for judicial purposes to the most convenient judicial districts. 

Sec. 20. Provision shall be made by law for the selection, by 
the bar, of ajjro tem. judge of the district court, when the judge 
is absent or otherwise unable or disqualified to sit in any case. 



ARTICLE 4. 

ELECTIONS. 

Section 1. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and 
all elections by the legislature shall be viva voce. 

Sec. 2. General elections and township elections shall be held 
biennally, on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in Novem- 
ber in the years bearing even numbers. All county and township 
officers shall hold their offices for a term of two years and until 
tlieir successors are qualified ; provided, one county commissioner 
shall be elected from each of three districts, numbered 1, 2 and 3, 
by the voters of the district, and the legislature shall fix the time 
or election and the term of office of such commissioners ; such 
election to be at a general election, and no term of office to exceed 
six j^ears. All officers whose successors would, under the law as 
it existed at the time of their election, be elected in an odd num- 
bered year, shall hold office for an additional year and until their 
successors are qualified. No person shall hold the office of sheriff 
or county treasurer for more than two consecutive terms. 



368 CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE 5. 

SUFFRAGE, 

Section 1. Every [white] male person of twenty-one years 
and upwards, belonging- to either of the following classes — who 
shall have resided in Kansas six months next preceding any elec- 
tion, and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote at 
least thirty days next preceding such election — shall be deemed a 
qualified elector: 

1st. Citizens of the United States. 

2d. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their 
intention to become citizens conformably to the laws of the United 
States on the subject of naturalization. 

Sec. 2. No person under guardianship, non compos mentis, or 
insane; no person convicted of felony, unless restored to civil 
rights ; no person who has been dishonorably discharged from the 
service of the United States, unless reinstated; no person guilty 
of defrauding the Government of the United States, or any of the 
States thereof; no person guilty of giving or receiving a bribe, or 
offering to give or receive a bribe ; and no person w^ho has ever 
voluntarily borne arms against the Government of the United 
States, or in any manner voluntarily aided or abetted in the 
attempted overthrow of said Government, except all persons who 
have been honorably discharged from the military service of the 
United States since the first day of April a. d., 1861, provided 
that they have served one year or more therein, shall be qualified 
to vote or hold ofiice in this State, until such disability shall be 
removed by a law passed by a vote of two-thirds of all the mem- 
bers of both branches of the legislature. 

Sec. 3. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed 
to have gained or lost a residence' by reason of his presence or 
absence while employed in the service of the United States, nor 
while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of 
the United States, or oi the high seas, nor while a student of any 
seminary of learning, nor while kept at any almshouse or other 
asylum at public expense, nor while confined in any public prison; 
and the legislature may make provision for ^ taking the votes of 
electors who may be absent from their townships or wards, in the 
volunteer military service of the _ United States, or the militia 
service of this State; but nothing herein contained shall be 
deemed to allow any soldier, seaman or marine in the regular 
army or navy of the United States the right to vote. 

Sec. 4. The legislature shall pass such la\ys as may be neces- 
sary for ascertaining, by proper proofs, the citizens who shall be 
entitled to the right of suffrage hereby established. 



APPENDIX. ^ 369 

Sec. 5. Every person who shall give or accept a challeng-e to 
fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such 
challenge, or who shall go out of the State to fight a duel, shall 
be ineligible to any office of trust or profit. 

Sec. 6. Eyery person who shall have_ given or offered a bribe 
to ptrocure his election, shall be disqualified from holding office 
during the term for which he may have been elected. 

Sec. 7. Electors, during their attendance at elections, and in 
going to and returning therefrom, shall be privileged from arrest 
in all cases except treason, felony or breach of the peace. 



ARTICLE 6. 

EDUCATION. 

Section 1. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction 
shall have the general supervision of the common school funds and 
educational interests of the State, and perform such other duties 
as may be prescribed by law. A superintendent of public instruc- 
tion shall be elected in each county, whose term of office shall be 
two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 2. The legislature shall encourage the promotion of intel- 
lectual, moral, scientific and agricultural improvement, by estab- 
lishing a uniform system of common schools, and schools of a 
higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate and uni- 
versity departments. 

Sec. 3. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be 
granted by the United States to the State for the support of 
schools, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to 
the new States under an act of congress distributing the proceeds 
of public lands among the several States of the Union, approved 
September _ 4th, A. D., 1841, and all estates of persons dying 
without heir or will, and such per cent as may be granted by 
congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be the common 
property of the State, and shall be a perpetual school fund, which 
shall not be diminished, but the interest of which, together with 
all the rents of the lands, and such other means as the legislature 
may provide, by tax or otherwise, shall be inviolably appropriated 
to the support of common schools. 

Sec. 4. The income of the State school funds shall be disbursed 
annually, by order of the State Superintendent, to the several 
county treasurers, and thence to the treasurers of the several 



370 CONSTITUTION. 

school districts, in equitable proportion to the number of children 
and youth resident therein, between the ages^of five and twenty- 
one years; provided, that no school district, in which a common 
school has not been maintained at least three months in each year, 
shall be entitled to receive any portion of such funds. 

Sec. 5. The school lands shall not be sold, unless such sale 
shall be authorized by a vote of the people at a. general election; 
but, subject to re-valuation every five years, they may be leased 
for any number of years, not exceeding" twenty-five, at a rate 
established by law. 

Sec. 6. All money which shall be paid by persons as an equiv- 
alent for exemption from military duty; the clear proceeds of 
estrays, ownership of which shall vest in the taker-up; and the 
proceeds of fines for any breach of the penal laws, shall be exclu- 
sively applied in the several counties in which the money is paid 
or fines collected, to the support of common schools. 

Sec. 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, 
at some eligible and central point, of a State university for the 
promotion of literature, and the arts and sciences, including a 
normal and an agricultural department. All funds arising from 
the sale or rents of lands granted by the United States to the State 
for the support of a State university, and all other grants, dona- 
tions or bequests, either by the State or by individuals, for such 
purpose, shall remain a perpetual fund, to be called the "univer- 
sity fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the sup- 
port of the State university. 

Sec. 8. No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of 
the common school or university funds of the State. 

Sec. 9. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Sec- 
retary of State and Attorney-General, shall constitute a board of 
commissioners, for the management and investment of the school 
funds. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum. 



ARTICLE 7. 

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. ' 

Section 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and 
deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent institutions as the 
pubUc good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the 
State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. 
Trustees of such benevolent institutions as may be hereafter 
created, shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice 



APPENDIX. 371 

and consent of the senate : and upon all nominations made by the 
Governor the question shall be taken in yeas and nays, and entered 
upon the journal. 

Sec. 2. A penitentiary shall.be established, the directors of 
which shall be appointed or elected, as prescribed by law. 

Sec. 3. The Governor shall fill any vacancy that m'ay occur in 
the offices aforesaid until the next session of the legislature, and 
until a successor to his appointee shall be confirmed and qualified. 

Sec. 4. The respective counties of the State shall provide, as 
may be prescribed by law, for those inhabitants who^ by reason of 
age, infirmity, or other ^ misfortune, may have claims upon the 
sympathy and aid of society. 



ARTICLE 8. 

MILITIA. 

Section 1. The militia shall be composed of all able-bodied 
male citizens between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five years, 
except such as are exempted by the laws of the United States or of 
this State; but all citizens of any religious denomination whatever 
who. from scruples of conscience may be averse to bearing arms, 
shall be exempted therefrom upon such conditions as may be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for organizing, equipping 
and disciplining the militia in such manner as it shall deem expe- 
dient not incompatible with the laws of the United States. 

Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, and 
commissioned in such manner as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief, and shall 
have power to call out the militia to execute the laws, to suppress 
insurrection, and to repel invasion. 



ARTICLE 9. 

COUNTY AND TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. 

Section 1. The legislature shall provide for organizing new 
counties, locating county seats, and changing county lines; but 
no county seat shall be changed without the consent of a majority 
of the electors of the county; nor any county organized, nor the 
lines of any county changed so as to include an area of less than 
four hundred and thirty-two square miles. 



372 CONSTITUTION. 

Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for such county and town- 
ship of&cers as may be necessary. 

Sec. 3. All county officers shall hoid tieir offices for the term 
of two years, and until their successors shall be qualified, except 
county commissioners, who shall hold their offices for the term of 
three years; provided, that at the general election in the year 
eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, the commissioner elected 
from district number one in each county shall hold his office for 
the term of one year; the commissioner elected from district num- 
ber two in each county shall hold his office for the term of two 
years, and the commissioner elected from district number three in 
each county shall hold his office for the term of three years; bivfc 
no person shall hold the office of sheriff or county treasurer for 
more than two consecutive terms. 

Sec. 4. Township officers, except justices of the peace, shall 
hold their offices one year from the Monday next succeeding their 
election, and until their successors are qualified. 

Sec. 5. All county and township officers maybe removed from 
office, in. such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed 
by law. 

ARTICLE 10. 

apportionment. 

Section 1. In the future apportionments of the State, each 
organized county shall have at least one representative; and each 
county shall be divided into as many districts as it has representa- 
tives. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the first legislature to make an 
apportionment, based upon the census ordered by the last legis- 
lative assembly of the Territory; and a new apportionment shall 
be made in the year 1866, and every five years thereafter, based 
upon the census of the preceding year. 

Sec. 3. Until there shall be a new apportionment, the State 
shall be divided into election districts; and the representatives and 
senators shall be apportioned among the several districts as fol- 
lows, viz: 

1st district, Doniphan, 4 representatives, 2 senators; 

2d district, Atchison and Brown, 6 representatives, 2 senators; 

3d district, Nemaha, Marshall and Washington, 2 representa- 
tives, 1 senator; 

4th district, Clay, Riley and Pottawatomie, 4 represeutativ^s, 1 
serxatorj 



APPENDIX. 373 

5th district, Dickinson, Davis and Wabaunsee, 3 representa- 
tives, 1 senator; 

6th district, Shawnee, Jackson and Jefferson, 8 representatives. 
2 senators; 

7th district, Leavenworth, 9 representatives, 3 senators; 

8th district, Douglas, Johnson and Wyandotte, 13 representa- 
tives, 4 senators; 

9th district, Lykins, Linn and Bourbon, 9 representatives, 3 
senators; 

10th district, Allen, Anderson and Franklin, 6 representatives, 
2 senators; 

11th district, Woodson and Madison, 2 representatives, 1 senator; 

12th district, Coffey, Osage and Breckinridge, 6 representa- 
tives, 2 senators; 

13th district, Morris, Chase and Butler, 2 representatives, 1 
senator; 

14th district, Arapahoe, Godfrey, Greenwood, Hunter, Wilson, 
Dorn and McGee, 1 representative. 

[Names of counties have been changed as follows: Davis to Geary; 
Lykins to Miajmi; Madisonwas abolished in 1861; Breckinridge changed 
to Lyon; Arapahoe was cut off and extinguished as a Kansas county on 
the admission of the State; Godfrey changed to Seward, then to Howard, 
and Howard was abolished and its territory erected into Chautauqua and 
Elk; Hunter was changed to Cowley; Dorn to Neosho, and McGee to Cher- 
okee.] 



ARTICLE 11. 

FINANCE AND TAXATION. 

Section 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and 
eciual rate of assessment and taxation ; but all property used exclu- 
sively for State, county, municipal, literary, educational, scientific, 
religious, benevolent and charitable purposes, and personal prop- 
erty to the amount of at least two hundred dollars for each family, 
shall be exempted from taxation. 

Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for taxing the notes and 
bills discounted or purchased, moneys loaned, and other property, 
effects, or dues of every description (without deduction), of all 
banks now existing, or hereafter to be created, and of all bankers; 
so that all property employed in banking shall always bear a bur- 
den of taxation equal to that imposed upon the property of indi- 
viduals. 



374 CONSTITUTION. 

Sec. 3. The legislature shall provide, at each regular session, 
for raising sufficient revenue to defray the current expenses of the 
State for two years. 

Sec. 4. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of a law 
which shall distinctly state the object of the same, to which object 
only such tax shall be applied. 

Sec. 5. For the purpose of defraying extraordinary expenses 
and making public improvements, the State may contract public 
debts; but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed one 
million dollars, except as hereinafter provided. Every such debt 
shall be authorized by law for some purpose specified therein, and 
the vote of a majority of all the members elected to each house, 
to be taken by the yeas and nays, shall be necessary to the passage 
of such law; and every such law shall provide for levying an 
annual tax sufficient to pay the annual interest of such debt, and 
the principal thereof, when it shall become due; and shall spe- 
cifically appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the payment of 
such principal and interest; and such appropriation shall not be 
repealed nor the taxes postponed or diminished, until the interest 
and principal of such debt shall have been wholly paid. 

Sec. 6. No debt shall be contracted by the State except as 
herein provided, unless the proposed law for creating such debt 
shall first be submitted. to a direct vote of the electors of the State 
at some general election ; and if such proposed law shall be ratified 
by a majority of all the votes cast at such general election, then it 
shall be the duty of the legislature, next after such electi9n, to 
enact such law and create such debt, subject to all the provisions 
and restrictions provided in the preceding sections of this article. 

Sec. 7. The State may borrow money to repel invasion, sup- 
press insurrection, or defend the State in time of war; but the 
money thus raised shall be applied exclusively to the object for 
which the loan was authorized, or to the repayment of the debt 
thereby created. 

Sec. 8. The State shall never be a party in carrying on any 
works of internal improvement. 



ARTICLE 12. 

CORPORATIONS. 

Section 1. The legislature shall pass no special act conferring 
corporate powers. Corporations may be created under general 
laws; but all such laws may be amended or repealed. 



APPENDIX. 375 

Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by individual 
liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the 
stock owned by each stockholder, and such other means as shall 
be provided by law; but such individual liabilities shall not apply 
to railroad corporations, nor corporations for religious or chari- 
table purposes. 

Sec. 3. The title to all property of religious corporations shall 
vest in trustees, whose election shall be by the members of such 
corporations. 

Sec. 4. No right-of-way shall be appropriated to the use of any 
corporation, until full compensation therefor be first made in 
money, or secured by a deposit in money, to the owner, irrespec- 
tive of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such 
corporation. 

Sec. 5. Provision shall be made by general law for the organ- 
ization of cities, towns, and villages; and their power of taxation, 
assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts and loaning 
their credit, shall be so restricted as to prevent the abuse of such 
power. 

^ Sec. 6. The term corporations, as used in this article, shall 
include all the associations and joint stock companies having 
powers and privileges not possessed by individuals or partner- 
ships ; and all corporations may sue and be sued in their corporate 
name. 



ARTICLE 13. 

BANKS AND CURRENCY. 

Section 1. No bank shall be established otherwise than under 
a general banking law. 

Sec. 2. All banking laws shall require as collateral sercurity for 
the redemption of the circulating notes of any bank organized 
under their provision, a deposit with the Auditor of State of the 
interest-paying bonds of the several States, or of the United 
States, at the cash rates of the New York Stock Exchange, to an 
amount equal to the amount of circulating notes which such bank 
shall be authorized to issue, and a cash deposit in its vaults of ten 
per cent of such amount of circulating notes; and the Auditor 
shall register and countersign no more circulating bills of any bank 
than the cash value of such bonds when deposited. 

Sec. 3. Whenever the bonds pledged as collateral security for 
the circulation of any bank shall depreciate in value, the Auditor 
of State shall require additional security, or curtail the circulation 



376 CONSTITUTION. 

of such bank, to such extent as will continue the security unim- 
paired. 

Sec. 4. All circulating notes shall be redeemable in the money 
of the United States. Holders of such notes shall be entitled, in 
case of the insolvency of such banks, to preference of payment 
over all other creditors. 

Sec. 5. The State shall not be a stockholder in any banking 
institution. 

Sec. 6. All banks shall be required to keep offices and officers 
for the issue and redemption of their circulation, at a convenient 
place within the State, to be named on the circulating notes issued 
by such bank. 

Sec. 7. No banking institution shall issue circulating notes of 
a less denomination than one dollar. 

Sec. 8. No banking law shall be in force until the same shall 
have been submitted to a vote of the electors of the State at some 
general election, and approved by a majority of all the votes cast 
at such election. 

Sec. 9. Any banking law may be amended or repealed. 



ARTICLE 14. 

AMENDMENTS. 

_ Section 1. Propositions for the amendment of this Constitu- 
tion may be made by either branch of the legislature; and if 
two-thirds of all the members elected to each house shall concur 
therein, such proposed amendments, together with the yeas and 
nays, shall be entered on the journal; and the Secretary of State 
shall cause the same to be published in at least one newspaper in 
each county of the State where a newspaper is published, for 
three months preceding the next election for representatives, at 
which time the same shall be submitted to the electors for their 
approval or rejection; and if a majority of the electors voting on 
said amendments, at said election, shall adopt the amendments, 
the same shall become a part of the Constitution. When more 
than one amendment shall be submitted at the same time, they 
shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each 
amendment separately; and not more than three propositions to 
amend shall be submitted at the same election. 

Sec. 2. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each 
branch of the legislature shall think it necessary to call a conven- 



APPENDIX. 377 

tion to revise, amend or change this Constitution, they shall 
recommend to the electors to vote at the next election of members 
to the legislature, for or against a convention; and if a majority 
of all the electors voting at such election shall have voted for a 
convention, the legislature shall, at the next session, provide for 
calling the same. 



ARTICLE 15. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Section 1. All officers whose election or appointment is not 
otherwise provided for, shall be chosen or appointed as may be 
prescribed by law. 

Sec. 2. The tenure of any office not herein provided for may 
be declared by law; when not so declared such office shall be held 
during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment, but 
the legislature shaJl not create any office the tenure of which shall 
be longer than four years. 

Sec. 3. Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are forever 
prohibited. 

Sec. 4. All public printing shall be done by the State Printer, 
who shall be elected by the people at the election held for State 
officers in November, 190C, and every two years thereafter, at the 
election held for state qfficers, and shall hold his office for two 
years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. 

Sec. 5. An accurate and detailed statement of the receipts and 
expenditures of the public moneys, and the several amounts paid, 
to whom, and on what account, shall be published, as prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the protection of the 
rights of women in acquiring and possessing property, real, per- 
sonal and mixed, separate and apart from the husband; and shall 
also provide for their equal rights in the possession of their 
children. 

Sec. 7. The legislature may reduce the salaries of officers who 
shall neglect the performance of any legal duty. 

Sec. 8. The temporary seat of Government is hereby located 
at the city of Topeka, county of Shawnee. The first legislature 
under this Constitution shall provide by law for submitting the 
question of the permanent location of the capital to a popular 



378 CONSTITUTION. 

vote, and a majority of all the votes cast at some general election 
shall be necessary for such location. 

Sec. 9. A homestead, to the extent of one hundred and sixty 
acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incor- 
porated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the 
owner, together with all improvements on the same, shall be 
exempted from forced sale under any process of law, and shall 
not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, 
when that relation exists; but no propertj^ shall be exempt from 
sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the 
purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements 
th6reon; provided, the provisions of this section shall not apply 
to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the 
consent of both husband and wife. 

Sec. 10. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall 
be forever prohibited in this State, exciept for medical, scientific 
and mechanical purposes. 



SCHEDULE. 

Section 1. That no inconvenience may arise from the change 
from a Territorial Government to a permanent State Government, 
it is declared by this Constitution, that all suits, rights, actions, 
prosecutions, recognizances, contracts, judgments and claims, 
both as respects, individuals and bodies corporate, shall continue 
as if no change had taken place. 

Sec. 2. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, owing to the Terri- 
tory of Kansas, or any county, shall inure to the use of the State 
or county. All bonds executed to the Territory, or any officer 
thereof in his official capacity, shall pass over to the Governor, or 
other officers of the State or county, and their successors in office, 
for the use of the State or county, or by him or them to be 
respectively assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the 
ease may be. 

Sec. 3. The Governor, Secretary and judges, and all other 
officers, both civil and military, under the Territorial Government, 
shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective 
departments until the said officers are superseded under the 
authority of this Constitution. 

Sec. 4. All laws and parts of laws in force in the Territory at 
the tinie of the acceptance of this Constitution by Congress, not 
inconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue and remain in 
full force until they expire, or shall be repealed. 



APPENDIX. 379 

Sec. 5. The Governor shall use his private seal until a State 
seal is provided. 

Sec. 6. The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, 
Treasurer of State, Attorney-General and Superintendent of 
Public Instruction shall keep their respective offices at the seat of 
Government. 

Sec. 7. All records, documents, books, papers, moneys and 
vouchers belonging- and pertaining to the several Territorial courts 
and offices, and to the several district and county offices, at the 
date of the admission of this State into the Union, shall be dis- 
posed of in such manner as may be prescribed by law. ** 

Sec. 8. All suits, pleas, plaints and other proceedings pending 
in any court of record, or justices' court, may be prosecuted to 
final judgment and execution; and all appeals, writ of error, 
certiorari injunctions, or other proceedings whatever, may progress 
and be carried on as if this Constitution had not been adopted, 
and the legislature shall direct the mode in which such suits, 
pleas, plaints, prosecutions and other proceedings, and all papers, 
records, books and documents connected therewith, may be 
removed to the courts established by this Constitution. ^ 

Sec. 9. For the purpose of taking the vote of the electors of 
this Territory for the ratification or rejection of this Constitution, 
an election shall be held in the several voting precincts in this 
Territory, on the first Tuesday in October, A. D., 1859. 

Sec. 10. Each elector shall express his assent or dissent by 
voting a written or printed ballot labeled "For the Constitution," 
or "Against the Constitution." 

Sec. 11. If a majority of all the votes cast at such election 
shall be in favor of the Constitution, then there shall be an elec- 
tion held in the several voting precincts on the first Tuesday in 
December, A. D., 1859, for the election of members of the first 
legislature, of all State, district and county officers provided for in 
this Constitution, and for a representative in congress. 

Sec. 12. All persons having the qualification of electors, accord- 
ing to the provisions of this Constitution, at the date of each of said 
elections, and who shall have been duly registered according to 
the provisions of the registry law of this Territory, and none 
others, shall be entitled to vote at each of said elections. 

Sec. 13. The persons who may be judges of the several voting 
precincts of this Territory at the date of the respective elections 
m this schedule provided for, shall be the judges of the respective 
elections herein provided for. 

Sec. 14. The said judges of election, before entering upon the 
duties of their office, shall take and subscribe an oath faithfully to 



380 CONSTITUTION. 

discharge their duties as such. They shall appoint two clerks of 
election, who shall be sworn by one of said judges faithfully to 
discharge their duties as such. In the event of a vacancy in the 
board of judges the same shall be filled by the electors present. 

Sec. 15. At each of the elections provided for in this schedule 
the polls shall be open between the hours of nine and ten o'clock, 
A. M., and close at sunset. 

Sec. 16. The tribunals transacting county business of the sev- 
eral counties, shall cause to be furnished to the boards of judges 
in their respective counties two poll books for each election here- 
inbefore provided for, upon which the clerks shall inscribe the 
name of every person who may vote at the said elections. 

Sec. 17. After closing the polls at each of the elections provided 
for in this schedule, the judges shall proceed to count the votes 
cast, and designate the persons or objects for which they were 
cast, and shall make two correct tally lists of the same. 

Sec. 18. Each of the boards of judges shall safely keep one 
poll book and tally list, and the ballots cast at each election; and 
shall, within ten days after such election, cause the other poll book 
and tally list to be transmitted, by the hands of a sworn officer, to 
the clerk of the board transacting county business in their respect- 
ive counties, or to which the county may be attached for municipal 
purposes. 

Sec. 19. The tribunals transacting county business shall 
assemble at the county seats of their respective counties on the 
second Tuesday after each of the elections provided for in this 
schedule, and shall canvass the votes cast at the elections held in 
the several precincts in their respective counties, and of the coun- 
ties attached for municipal purposes. They shall hold in safe 
keeping the poll books and tally lists of said elections, and shall, 
within ten days thereafter, transmit, by the hands of a sworn 
officer, to the President of this convention, at the city of Topeka, a 
certified transcript of the same, showing the number of votes cast 
for each person or object voted for at each of the several precincts 
in their respective counties, and in the counties attached for 
municipal purposes, separately. 

Sec. 20. The Governor of the Territory, and the President and 
Secretary of the convention shall constitute a board of State can- 
vassers, any two of whom shall be a quorum; and who shall, on 
the fourth Monday after each of the elections provided for in this 
schedule, assemble at said city of Topeka, and proceed to open 
and canvass the votes cast at the several precincts in the different 
counties of the Territory, and declare the result; and shall imme- 
diately issue certificates of election to all persons (if any) thus 
elected. 



APPENDIX. 381 

Sec. 21. Said board of State canvassers shall issue their pro- 
clamation not less than twenty days next preceding- each of the 
elections provided for in this schedule. Said proclamation shall 
contain an announcement of the several elections, the qualifica- 
tions of electors, the manner of conducting- said elections and of 
making the returns thereof, as in this Constitution provided, and 
shall publish said proclamation in one newspaper in each of the 
counties of the Territory in which a newspaper may be then 
published. 

Sec. 22. The board of State canvassers shall provide for the 
transmission of authenticated copies of the Constitution to the 
President of the United States, the president of the senate and 
speaker of the house of representatives. 

Sec. 23. Upon official information having been by him received 
of the admission of Kansas into the Union as a State, it shall be 
the duty of the Governor-elect under the Constitution, to proclaim 
the same, and to convene the legislature and do all things else 
necessary to the complete and active organization of the State 
Government. 

Sec. 24. The first legislature shall have no power to make any 
changes in county lines. 

Sec. 25. At the election to be held for the ratification or rejec- 
tion of this Constitution, each elector shall be permitted to vote 
on the homestead provision contained in the article on "Miscellan- 
eous,'' by depositing a ballot inscribed "For the Homestead," or 
"Against the Homestead;" and if a majority of all the votes cast 
at said election shall be against said provision, then it shall be 
stricken from the Constitution. 



RESOLUTIONS. 

Resolved, That the congress of the United States is hereby 
requested, upon the application of Kansas for admission into the 
Union, to pass an act granting to the State forty-five hundred 
thousand acres of land to aid in the construction of railroads and 
other internal improvements. 

Resolved,^ That congress be further requested to pass an act 
appropriating fifty thousand acres of land for the improvement of 
the Kansas river from its mouth to Fort Riley. 

Besolved, That congress be further requested to pass an act 
granting all swamp lands within the State for the benefit of 
common schools. 

ResoIved,^ That congress be further requested to pass an act 
appropriating five hundred thousand dollars, or in lieu thereof 



382 



CONSTITUTION. 



five hundred thousand acres of land, for the payment of the claims 
awarded to citizens of Kansas by the claim commissioners appointed 
by the Governor and legislature of Kansas under an act of the 
Territorial legislature passed 7th of February, 1859. 

Resolved, That the legislature shall make provision for the sale 
or disposal of the lands granted to the State in aid of internal 
improvements and for other purposes, subject to the same rights 
of pre-emption to the settlers thereon as are now allowed by law 
to settlers on the public lands. 

Resolved, That it is the desire of the people of Kansas to be 
admitted into the Union with this Constitution. 

Resolved, That congress be further requested to assume the debt 
of this Territory. 

Done in convention at Wyandotte, this 29th day of July, A. D. , 1859. 

James M. Winchell, 

President and Member from Osage County. 



Jambs M, Arthur, Linn Co. 
James Blood, Douglas Co. 
N. C. Blood, Douglas Co. 
James G. Blunt, Anderson Co. 
J. C. Burnett, Bourbon Co, 
John Taylor Burris, Johnson 

Co. 
Allen Crocker, Coffey Co. 
W. P. DUTTON, Lykins Co. 
RoBT. Graham, Atchison Co. 
John P. Greer, Shawnee Co. 
Wm. R. Griffith, Bourbon Co. 
James Hanway, Franklin Co. 
Saml. E. Hoffman, Woodson Co. 
S. D. Houston, Riley Co. 
Wm. Hutchinson, Douglas Co. 
John James Ingalls, Atchison 

Co. 



Samuel A. Kingman, Brown Co. 
JosiAH Lamb, Linn Co. 
George H. Lillie, Madison Co. 
Caleb May, Atchison Co. 
Wm. McCullough, Morris Co. 
J. A. MiDDLBTON, Marshall Co. 
Luther R. Palmer, Pottawatomie 

Co. 
RoBT. J. Porter, Doniphan Co. 
H. D. Preston, Shawnee Co. 
John Ritchie, Shawnee Co. 
Edmund G. Ross, Wabaunsee Co. 
James A. Signor, Allen Co. 
Benjamin F. Simpson, Lykins Co. 
Edwin Stokes, Douglas Co. 
Solon O. Thacher, Douglas Co, 
P. H. TowNSEND, Douglas Co. 
R. L. Williams, Douglas Co. 



Attest: JOHN A. MARTIN, Secretary. 



The following named delegates did not sign the Constitution: 



J. T. Barton, Johnson Co. 
Fred. Brown, Leavenworth Co 
J. W. FoRMAN, Doniphan Co. 
RoBT. Cole Foster, Leavenworth 

Co. 
Sam. HippLE, Leavenworth Co. 
E. M. Hubbard, Doniphan Co. 
C. B. McClelland, Jefferson Co. 
Wm. C. McDowell, Leavenworth 

Co. 



A. D. McCuNE, Leave;iworth Co. 
E. Moore, Jackson Co. 

P. S. Parks, Leavenworth Co. 
Wm. Perry, Leavenworth Co. 
John P. Slough, Leavenworth Co. 
J. Stiarwalt, Doniphan Co. 
S. A. Stinson, Leavenworth Co. 

B. Wrigley, Doniphan Co. 
John Wright, Leavenworth Co. 
T. S. Wright, Nemaha Co. 



KANSAS GOVERNMENT. 



Complete List of Territorial and State Officers from the Organi- 
zation OF THE Territory of Kansas to December, 1900. 



KANSAS TERRITORIAL OFFICERS— 1854-1861. 

GOVERNORS AND ACTING GOVERNORS. 

Andrew H. Reeder, July 7, 1854. to April 17. 1855. 

Daniel Woodson, acting, Aoril 17, 1855, to June 23, 1855. 

Andrew H. Reeder, June 2:>>, 1855, to August IG, 1855. 

Daniel Woodson, acting, August IG, 1855, to September 7, 1855. 

Wilson Shannon, September 7, 1855, to June 24, 1856. 

Daniel Woodson, acting, June 24, 1856, to July 7, 1856. 

Wilson Shannon, July 7, 1856, to August 18, 1856. 

Daniel Woodson, acting, August 18, 1856, to September 9, 1856. 

John W. Geary, September 9, 1856, to March 12, 1857. 

Daniel Woodson, acting, March 12, 1857, to April 16, 1857. 

Frederick P. Stanton, acting, April 16, 1857, to May 27, 1857. 

Robert J. Walker, May 27, 1857, to November 16, 1857. 

Frederick P. Stanton, acting, November 16, 1857, to December 21, 1857. 

James W. Denver, acting, December 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. 

James W. Denver, May 12, 1858, to July 3, 1858. 

Hugh S. Walsh, acting, July n, 1858, to July HO, 1858. 

James W. Denver, July ?>0, 1858, to October" 10, 1858. 

Hugh S. Walsh, acting, October 10, 1858, to December 18, 1858. 

Samuel Medary, December 18, 1858, to August 1, 1859. 

Hugh S. Walsh, acting, August 1, 1859, to September 15, 1859. 

Samuel Medary, September 15, 1859, to April 15, 1860. . 

Hugh S. Walsh, acting, April 15, 1860, to June 16, 1860. 

Samuel Medary, June 16, 1860, to September 11, 1860. 

George M. Beebe, acting, September 11, 1860, to November 25, 1860. 

Samuel Medary, Noveml)er 25, 1860, to December 17, 18(iO. 

SECRETARIES. 

Daniel Wood.son. Term, June 29, 1854, to April 16, 1857. Commissioned 
June 29, 1854. 

Frederick P. Stanton. Term, April 16 to December 21, 1857. Commis- 
sioned March 31, 1857. 

James W. Denver. Term, December 21, 1857, to May 12, 1858. Commis- 
sioned December 11, 1857. 

Hugh Sleight Walsh. Term, May 12, 1858, to June 28, 1860. 

George M. Beebe. Term, July 1, 1860, to February 9, 1861. Appointed 
May 1, 1860. 

383 



384 APPENDIX. 



AUDITORS. 

John Donaldson. Term, August 30, 1855, to February 20, 1857. 
Hiram Jackson S trickier. Term, February 20, 1857, to February, 1861. 

TREASURERS. 

Thomas J. B. Cramer. Term, August 80, 1855, to February, 1859. 
Robert R. Mitchell. Term, February 11, 1859, to February, 1861. 

ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 

Andrew Jackson Isacks. Term, June, 1854, to 1857. 

William Weer. 1858. 

Alson C. Davis. Term, June 5, 1858, to February, 1861. 

SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS. 

James H. Noteware. Term, March 1 to December 1, 1858. Appointed 
February 12, 1858. 

Samuel Wiley Greer. Term, December 1, 1858, to January 2, 1861. 
Elected October 4, 1858. 

John C. Douglass. Term, January 2 to February, 1801. Elected Novem- 
ber 6, 1860. 

TERRITORIAL CHIEF JUSTICE. 

Samuel Dexter Locompte. Term, October 3, 1854^ to March 9, 1859. 
John Pettit. Term, March 9, 1859, to February, 1861. 

ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. 

Saunders W. Johnston. Term, June 29, 1854, to September 13, 1855. 

J. M. Burrell. Term September 13, 1855. Served but a few weeks, and 

returned home, dying in 1856. 
Thomas Cunningham. Term, November 19, 1856, to .Tune 3, 1857. 
Joseph Williams. Term, June 3, 1857, to January, 1861. 
Rush Elmore. Term, June 29, 1854, to September 13, 1855. 
Sterling G. Cato. Term, September 13, 1855, to July, 1858. 
Rush Elmore. Term, July, 1858, to January, 1861. 



STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS— 1861-1909. 

GOVERNORS. 

Charles Robinson, Lawrence. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath of 
office February 9, 1861. 

Thomas Carney, Leavenworth. Elected November 4, 1862. 

Samuel J. Crawford, Garnett. Elected November 8, 1864. Twice elected. 
Resigned Novemb(>r 4, 1808, to take command 19th Reg. 

Nohemiah (iroen. Manhattan. Acting Governor. Elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor November 6, 1866. 

James M. Harvey, Fort Riley. Elected November 3, 1868. Served two 
terms. 

Thomas A. Osborn, Leavenworth. Elected November 5, 1872. Served 
two terms. 

George T. Anthony, Leavenworth. Elected November 7, 1876. 

John P. St. John, Olathe. Elected November 5, 1878. Served two terms. 

CJeorge W. Glick, Atchison. Elected November 7, 1882. 

John A. Martin, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. 

Lyman IJ. llumphi-ey, Independence. Elected November 6, 1888. Served 
two terms. 



STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS--1861-1909. 385 

Lorenzo D. Lewelling, Wichita. Elected November 8, 1892. 

Edmund N. Morrill, Hiawatha. Elected November 6, 1894. 

John W. Leedy, Le Roy. Elected November 3, 1896. 

William E. Stanley, Wichita. Elected November 8, 1898. Served two 

terms. 
Willis Joshua Bailey, Baileyville. Elected November 4, 1902. 
Edward W. Hoch, Marion. Elected November 8, 1904. Re-elected, 1906. 
W. R. Stubbs, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1908. 



LIEUTENAXT-GOVIORXORS. 

Joseph P. Root, Wyandotte. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath of 

office February 9, 1861. 
Thomas A. Osborn, Elwood. Elected November 4, 1862. 
James Mc<irew, Wyandotte. Elected November 8, 1864. 
Nehemiah Green, jNIanhattan. Elected November 6, 1866. 
Charles V. Eskridge, Emporia. Elected November 3, 1868. 
Peter P. Elder, Ottawa. Elected November 8, 1870. 
Ellas S. Stovjer, Council Grove. Elected November 5. 1872. 
Melville J. Salter, Thayer. Elected November 3, 1874. Twice elected. 

Resigned July 19, 1877. 
Lyman U. Humphrey, Independence. Elected November 6, 1877. Elected, 

vice Salter, resigned. Re-elected November 5, 1878. 
D. W. Finney, Neosho Falls. Elected November 2, 1880. Served two 

terms. 
Alex. P. Riddle, Girard. Elected November 4, 1884. Served two terms. 
Andrew J. Felt, Senica. Elected November 6, 1888. Served two terms. 
I'ercy Daniels, Girard. Elected November 8, 1892. 
James A. Troutman, Topeka. Elected November 6, 1894. 
A. M. Harvey, Topeka. Elected November 3, 1896. 
H. E. Richter, Council Grove. Elected November 8, 1898. Served two 

terms. 
David J. Hanna, Hill City. Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected 1904. 
W. J. Fitzgerald, Dodge City. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE. 

John Winter Robinson, Manhattan. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath 
of office 1861. Removed July 28, 1862. 

Sanders Rufus Shepherd, Topeka. Appointed, vice Robinson, August, 1862. 

Wm. Wirt Henry Lawrence, Peoria City. Elected November 4, 1862. 

Rinaldo Allen Barker, Atchison. Elected November 8, 1864. Served two 
terms. 

Thomas Moonlight, Leavenworth. Elected November 3, 1868. 

Wm. Hillary Smallwood, Wathena. Elected November 8, 1870. Served 
two terms. 

Thos. H. Cavanaugh, Salina. Elected November 3, 1874. Served two 
terms. 

James Smith, Marysville. Elected November 5, 1878. Served three terms. 

Edwin Bird Allen, Wichita. Elected November 4. 1884. Served two terms. 

William Higgins, Topeka. Elected November 6. 1888. Served two terms. 

Russel Scott Osborn, Stockton. Elected November 8, 1892. 

Wm. Congdon PJdwards, Larned. Elected November 6. 1894. 

William Eben Bush, Mankato. Elected November 3, 1896. 

George Alfred Clark, Junction City. Elected November 8, 1898. Re-elected 
1900. 

Joel Randall Burrow, Smith Centre. Elected November 4, 3 902 Re- 
elected 1904. 

C. E. Denlon, Alliea. Elected 190(i. Re-elected 1908. 



386 APPENDIX, 

AUDITORS. 

George Shaler Hillyer, Grasshopper Falls. Elected December 6, 1859. 
Took oath of office February, 1861. Removed July 28, 1862. 

David Long Lakin, Grasshopper Falls. Appointed, vice Hillyer, August, 
1862. 

Asa Hairgrove, Mound City. Elected November 4, 1862. 

John R. Swallow, Emporia. Elected November 8, 1864. Served two terms. 

Alois Thoman, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1868. Served two terms. 

Daniel Webster Wilder, Fort Scott. Elected November 5, 1872. Twice 
elected ; resigned September 20, 1876. 

Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, Topeka. Appointed October 2, 1876. 

Parkinson I. Bonebrake, Topeka. Elected November 7, 1876. Twice re- 
elected. 

Edward P. McCabe, Millbrook. Elected November 7, 1882. Served two 
terms. ' 

Timothy McCarthy, Earned, Elected November 2, 1886. Served two 
terms. 

Charles Merrill Hovey, Colby. Elected November 4, 1890. 

Van B. Prather, Columbus. Elected November 8, 1892. 

George Ezekiel Cole, Girard. Elected November 6, 1894. 

William H. Morris, Pittsburg. Elected November 3, 1896. 

George Ezekiel Cole, Pittsburg. Elected November 8, 1898. 

Seth Grant Wells, Erie. Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected in -1904. 

J. M. Nation, Erie. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. 



TREASDRERS. 

William Tholen, Leavenworth. Elected December 6, 1859. Entered army 

and did not qualify. 
Hartwin R. Dutton, Hiawatha. Appointed by Governor March 26, 1861. 
Hartwin R. Dutton, Hiawatha. Elected November 5, 1861. Elected for 

remainder of term. 
William Spriggs, Garnett. Elected November 4, 1862. Served two terms. 
Martin Anderson, Circleville. Elected November 6, 1866. 
George Graham, Seneca. Elected November 3, 1868. 
Josiah Emery Hayes, Olathe. Elected November 8, 1870. Twice elected. 

Resigned April 30, 1874. 
John Francis, lola. Appointed, vice Hayes, May 1, 1874. 
Samuel Lappin, Seneca. Elected November 3, 1874. Resigned December 

20, 1875. 
John Francis, lola. Appointed, vice Lappin, December 21, 1875. 
John Francis, lola. Elected November 7, 1876. Elected and served three 

regular terms. 
Samuel T. Howe, Marion. Elected November 7, 1882. Served two terms. 
James Wm. Hamilton, Wellington. Elected November 2, 1886. Elected 

for two terms. Resigned March 1, 1890. 
William Sims, Topeka. Appointed, vice Hamilton, March 1, 1890, and 

served until December 30, 1890. 
Solomon G. Stover, Belleville. Elected November 4, 1890. Elected, vice 

Hamilton, and for next regular term. 
Wm. Henry Biddle, Augusta. Elected November 8, 1892. 
Otis L. Atherton, Russell. Elected November 6, 1894, 
David H. lieflebower, Bucyrus. Elected November 3, 1896. 
Frank E. Grimes, Leoti. Elected November 8, 1898. 
Thomas T. Kelly, Paola. Elected November 4. 1902. Re-elected 1904. 
Mark TuUy, Independence. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. 



STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS— 1861-1909. 337 

ATTOUNEYS-GENKKAL. 

Benjamin Franklin Simpson, Paola. Eloctod December 6, 1859. Resigned 

July. 18G1. 
Charles Chadwick, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Simpson, July 30, 1801. 
Samuel A. Stinson, Leavenworth. Elected November 5, 1861. 
Warren Wm. Guthrie. Carson. Elected November 4. 1862. 
Jerome D. Brumbaugh, Marysville. Elected November 8, 1864. 
George Henry Hoyt, Leavenworth. Elected November 6. 1866. 
Addison Danford. Fort Scott. Elected November 3. 1868. 
Archibald L. Williams, Topeka. Elected November 8, 1870. Served two 

terms. 
Asa M. F. Randolph. Burlington. Elected November 3, 1874. 
Willard Davis, Oswego. Elected November 7, 1876. Served two terms. 
William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. • Elected November 2. 1880. Elected 

for two terms. Resigned December 1, 1884, to become Associate 

Justice. 
George P. Smith, Humboldt. Appointed, vice Johnston ; resigned December 

1, 1884. 
Simeon Briggs Bradford, Carbondale. Elected November 4, 1884. Served 

two terms. 
Lyman Beecher Kellogg, Emporia. Elected November 6, 1888. 
John Nutt Ives, Sterling. Elected November 4, 1890. 
John Thomas Little, Olathe. Elected November 8. 1892. 
Fernando B. Dawes, Clay Centre. Elected November 6, 1894. 
Louis C. Boyle. Fort Scott. Elected November 3, 1896. 
Aretas A. Godard. Topeka. Elected November 8. 1898. 
Charles Crittenden Coleman, Clav Centre. Elected November 4, 1902. 

Re-elected 1904. 
F. S. Jackson, Eureka. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908. 



SUPERINTENDENTS PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

William Riley Griffith, Marmaton. Elected December 6, 1859. Took oath 

of office February. 1861. Died February 12, 1862. 
Simeon Montgomery Thorp, Lawrence. Appointed to fill vacancy, March 

28, 1862. 
Isaac T. Goodnow, Manhattan. Elected November 4, 1862. Served two 

terms. 
Peter McVicar, Topeka. Elected November 6, 1866. Served two terms. 
Hugh DeFrance McCarty, Leavenworth. Elected November 8, 1870. Served 

two terms. 
John Fra.ser, Lawrence. Elected November 3, 1874. 
Allen Borsley Lemmon, Wintield. Elected November 7, 1876. Served two 

terms. 
Henry Clay Speer, Junction City. Elected November 2, 1880. Served two 

terms. 
Joseph Hadden Lawhead, Fort Scott. Elected November 4, 1884. Served 

two terms. 
George Wesley Winans, Junction City. Elected November 6, 1888. Served 

two terms. 
Henry Newton Gaines, Salina. Elected November 8, 1892. 
Edmund Stanley, Lawrence. Elected November 6, 1894. 
William Stryker, Great Bend. Elected November 3, 1896. 
Frank Nelson, Lindsborg. Elected November 8. 1898. Served two terms. 
Insley L. Dayhoff, Hutchinson, Elected November 4, 1902. Re-elected. 

1904, 
E. T. Fairchild, Ellpworth. Elected 1906. Re-elected 1908, 



388 APPENDIX. 

, CHIEF JUSTICES. 

Thomas Ewing, Jr., Leavenworth. Elected December 6, 1859. Resigned 

November 28, 1862. 
Nelson Cobb, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Ewing, November 28, 1862. 
Robert Crozier, Leavenworth. Elected November 3, 1863. 
Samuel Austin Kingman, Atchison. Elected November 6, 1866. 
Samuel Austin Kingman, Atchison. Ele.cted November 5, 1872. Resie-ned 

December 30, 1876. 
Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Appointed, vice Kingman, December 

ol, 18 < D. 
Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 6, 1877. 
Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 5, 1878. 
Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1884. 
Albert Howell Horton, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1890. Resigned 

April 30, 1895. 
David Martin, Atchison. Appointed, vice Horton, April 30, 1895. 
David Martin, Atchison. Elected November 4, 1895. 
Frank Doster, Marion. Elected November 3, 1896. 
William Agnew Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 4, 1902. 

ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. 

Samuel A. Kingman, Hiawatha. Elected December 6, 1859. 

Jacob Safford, Topeka. Elected November 8, 1864. 

David Josiah Brewer, Leavenworth. Elected November 8, 1870. 

David Josiah Brewer, Leavenworth. Elected November 7, 1876. 

David Josiah Brewer. Leavenworth. Elected November 7, 1882. Re- 
signed April 8, 1884. 

Theodore A. Hurd, Leavenworth. Appointed, vice Brewer, April 12, 1884. 

William A. Johnston. Minneapolis. Elected November 4. 1884. Elected, 
vice Brewer. Resigned office of Attorney-General of Kansas, December 
1, 1884, to become Associate Justice. 

William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 6, 1888. 

William A. Johnston, Minneapolis. Elected November 6, 1894. 

Lawrence Dudley Bailey, Emporia. Elected December 6, 1859. 

Lawrence Dudley Bailey, Emporia. Elected November 4, 1862. 

Daniel Mulford Valentine, Ottawa. Elected November 3, 1868. 

Daniel Mulford Valentine, Ottawa. Elected November 3, 1874. 

Daniel Mulford Valentine, Topeka. Elected November 2, 1880. 

Daniel Mulford Valentine, Topeka. Elected November 2. 1886. 

Stephen H. Allen, Pleasanton. Elected November 8. 1892. 

William Redwood Smith, Kansas City. Elected November 8, 1904. 

Edwin W. Cunningham, Emporia. Appointed January 15, 1901. Elected 
November 7, 1902. Re-elected November 8, 1904. 

Adrian L. Greene, Newton. Appointed January 15, 1901. Elected Novem- 
ber 4. 1902. Died July 27, 1907. 

Abram H. Ellis, Beloit. Appointed January 15, 1901. Died September 
25, 1902. 

Rosseau A. Burch, Salina. Appointed September 29, 1902, to vacancy 
caused by the death of Justice Ellis. Elected November 4, 1902. 

John C. Pollock, Winfield. Apoointed January 15, 1901. Elected Novem- 
ber 4. 1902. Resigned December 2, 1903. 

William D. Atkinson. Parsons. Appointed, vice Pollock, January 1, 1904. 

Henry F. Mason, Garden City. Elected November 4, 1902. 

Clark A. Smith. Cawker City. Elected November 8, 1904. 

Silas Porter. Kansas City. Elected November 1906. 

Charles B. Graves. Emporia. Elected November 1906. 

A. W. Benson. Ottawa. Appointed to fill vacancy caused by death of A. L. 
Greene. Elected November 6, 1908. 



STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS— 1861-1909. 389 

UNITED STATES SENATORS. 
LANE SUCCESSION. 

James H. Lane, Lawrence. Elected April 4, 1861. 

James H. Lane, Lawrence. Elected January 12, 1865. Died July 11, 
1866. 

Edmund G. Ross, Lawrence. Appointed, vice Lane, July 20, 1866. 

Edmund G. Ross, Lawrence. Elected January 23, 1867. Elected to fill 
vacancy, vice Lane. 

Alexander Caldwell, Leavenworth. Elected January 25, 1871. Resigned 
March 24, 1873. 

Robert Crozier, Leavenworth. Appointed, vice Caldwell, November 22, 
1873. 

James M. Harvey, Vinton. Elected February 2, 1874. Elected, vice 
Caldwell. 

Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 31, 1877. 

Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 24, 1883. 

Preston B. Plumb, Emporia. Elected January 23, 1889. Died at Wash- 
ington. December 20, 1891. 

Bishop W. Perkins, Oswego. Appointed, vice Plumb, January 1, 1892. 

John Martin, Topeka. Elected January 25, 1893. Elected, vice Plumb. 

Lucien Baker, Leavenworth. Elected January 23, 1895. 

Joseph Ralph Burton, Abilene. Elected January — , 1901. 

A. \Y. Benson. Appointed November 1906. 

Charles Curtis. Elected January 1907. 



POMEROy SUCCESSION. 

Samuel C. Pomeroy, Atchison. Elected April 4, 1861. 
Samuel C. Pomeroy, Atchison. Elected January 23, 1867. 
John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 29, 1873. 
John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 31, 1879. 
John James Ingalls, Atchison. Elected January 28, 1885. 
William Alfred PefEer. Topeka. Elected January 28. 1891. 
William A. Harris, Linwood. Elected January 27, 1897. 
Chester I. Long. Medicine Lodge. Elected January — , 1903. 
J, L. Bristow, Salina. Elected January 1909. 



CONGRESSMEN. 

Martin F. Conwav, Lawrence. 1861-'63. 

Abel Carter Wilder, Leavenworth. 186.3-'6r>, 

Sidney Clarke, Lawrence. 1865-'71. 

David P. Lowe, Fort Scott. 1871-'75. 

Stephen Alonzo Cobb. Wyandotte. 1873-'75. 

William Addison Phillips. Salina. 1873-'79. 

William R. Brown, Hutchinson. 1875-'77. 

John R. Goodin, Humboldt. 1875-'77. 

Dudley C. Haskell, Lawrence. 1877-'83. 

Thomas Ryan, Topeka. 1877-'89. 

John Alexander Anderson, Manhattan. 1S79-'91. 

Edwin N. Morrill, Hiawatha. 1883-'91. 

Samuel Ritter Peters, Newton. 1888-'91. 

Lewis Hanback, Osborne. lS83-'87. 

Bishop W. Perkins, Oswego. 188.3-'91. 

Edward Hogue Funston, lola. 1883-'93. 

lOrastus J. Turner, Hoxie. 1887-'91. 

Harrison Kelley, Burlington. 1S89-'91. 



390 ' APPENDIX. 



Case Broderick, Holton. 1891-'99. 

B. H. Clover, Cambridge. 1891-'93. 

John Davis, Junction City. 1891-'95. 

Jerry Simpson, Medicine Lodge. 1891-'95, 1897-'99. 

Jolin Grant Otis, Topeka. 1891-'93. 

William Baker, Lincoln. 1891-'97. 

William Alexander Harris, Linwood. 1893-'95. 

Horace L. Moore, Lawrence. 189o-'95. 

Charles Curtis, Topeka. 1893-1905. 

Thomas J. Hudson, Fredonia. 1893-'95. 

Richard W. Blue, Pleasanton. 1895-'97. 

Orrin L. Miller, Kansas City. 1895-'97. 

Snyder S. Kirkpatrick, Fredonia. 1895-'97. 

William A. Calderhead, Marysville. 1895-*97, 1899-1905. 

Chester I. Long, Medicine Lodge. 1895-'97. 1899-1905. 

Jeremiah Dunham Botkin, Winfleld. 1897-'99. 

Mason Summers Peters, Kansas City. 1897-'99. 

N. B. McCormick, Phillipsburg. 1897-'99. 

Edwin Reed Ridgely, Pittsburg. 1897-1901. 

William D. Vincent, Clay Centre. 1897-'99. 

Willis Joshua Bailey, Baileyville. 1899-1901. 

Justin DeWitt Bowersock, Lawrence. 1899-1905. 

James Monroe Miller, Council Grove. 1899-. , 

William Augustus Reeder, Logan. 1899-. 

Charles Frederick Scott, lola. 1901-. 

Alfred Metcalf Jackson, Winfield. 1901-'08. 

Phillip Pitt Campbell, Pittsburg. 1903-. 

Victor Murdock, Wichita. 1903-. 

D. R. Anthony, Jr., Leavenworth. 1907-. 

E. H. Madison, Garden City. 1907-. 



STATE PRINTERS. 

S. S. Prouty, Burlingame. Elected 1869. 

S. S. Prouty, Burlingame. Elected 1871. 

George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1873. 

George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1875. 

George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1877. 

George W. Martin, Junction City. Elected 1879. 

T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1881. 

T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1883. 

T. Dwight Thatcher, Lawrence. Elected 1885. 

Clifford C. Baker, Topeka. Elected 1887. 

Clifford C. Baker, Topeka. P]lected 1889. 

E. H. Snow, Ottawa. Elected 1891. 

E. H. Snow, Ottawa. Elected 1893. 

J. K. Hudson. Topeka. Elected 1895. 

J. S. Parks, Beloit. Elected 1897. 

W. y. Morgan, Hutchinson. Elected 1899. 

W. Y. Morgan, Hutchinson. Elected 1901. 

George A. Clark, Topeka. Elected 1903. 

T. A. McNeal, Topeka. Elected 1906. 

T. A. McNeal, Topeka. Elected 1908. 



INDEX 



Abbot, Capt., 100. 

Abilene, 184. 

Act of 1850, 57. 

Adams, Franklin G., 166, 314. 

Adams, John Quincy, 67. 

Ad Astra per Aspera, 142. 

Ady, Joseph W., 242. 

Agriculture, 247, 256. 

Agricultural College. See State Ag- 
ricultural College. 

Aid, 195. 

Aguinaldo, 265. 

Alameda, 42. 

Alien Land Law, 236. 

Alexis, Grand Duke, 185. 

Alfalfa, 237, 238, 293. 

Alford, Lieut., 266. 

Allen, Henry J., 280. 

Allen, Associate Justice, 244. 

Allegany Mountains, 24. 

AUerton, Ellen P., 214, 305. 

Altitude, Average, 11. 

Amendment to Constitution, 196, 
203, 236. 

American Exploration, 31, 41. 

Anderson, John A., 198, 238. 

Andreas' History of Kansas, 7, 303. 

Annals of Kansas, 7, 303. 

Anti-Cigarette Law, 288. 

Anti-Pass Law, 285. 

Anti-Slavery Societies, 67, 74. 

Anthony, City of, 227. 

Anthony's Administration, 198, 201. 

Anthony, G. T., 196, 200, 253, 317. 

Anthony, D. R., 145. 

Appendix, 310. 

Appellate Courts. 250. 

Appleton, \Ms., 217. 

Arbor Day, 277. 

Arapahoes, 175. 

Argonia, 219. 

Arickaree, 178. 

Arkansas City, 229. 

Arkansas River, 21, 33, 36, 50, 55. 

391 



Arny, W. F. M., 131. 

Associate Justices, 387. 
Asylum, Imbecile Youth, 215. 
Atchison, City of, 32, 75, 125, 204, 

215, 216-17. 
Atchison Champion, 230. 
Atchison, David R., 72, 80, 96, 106. 
A., T. & S. F. R. R., 151, 169, 191, 

278. 
Atlanta, 165. 
Attorneys-General, 386. 
Aubrey, Fort, 46. 
Auditors of State, 385. 



B 



Ragbag, 266. 

Bailey's Administration, 275-280. 
Bailey, W. J., 273. 
Baptiste Le Grande, 44. 
Baptist, 61. 

Barber, Thomas W., 93. 
Barbe, Marbois, 29. 
Baker University, 114, 289, 290. 
Baker, Bishop, 114. 
Baldwin, 114. 
Ball, Colin H., 267. 
Bank Guarantee Law, 288. 
Barshfield, C. P., 267. 
Barton County, 293. 
Battery, First Kansas, 147. 
Battleship Indiana, 263. 
Battleship Kansas, 282. 
Battleship Newport, 263. 
Beck, Col. J. M., 262. 
Bechnell, Capt., 44. 
Beebo, George W.. 121, 127. 
Beecher, Fred, 180. 
Beecher, Henry Ward, 180, 201. 
Beecher Bible Co., 102. 
Beecher, Island of, 178. 
Belle Fountain, 32. 
Beloit, 225. 
Benson, A. W., 387, 
Bent's Fort, 64, 



393 



INDEX. 



Bernalillo, 19. 

Bethany College, 20^ 

Bethel College, 216. 

Bibliography, 7. 

Bickerdyke, 165, 166. 

Biennial Election Law, 272. 

Biennial Sessions of Legislature, 

190. 
Big Springs, 89. 
Big Blue, Battle of, 160. 
Bill of Rights, 122. 
Biography, 310. 
Birds of Kansas, 239. 
Birds. Protection of, 275. 
Bismarck Grove, 199, 205. / 
Black Jack, 98, 134. 
Black, .Jeremiah S., 114. 
Black Kettle, 178. 
Blackmar, 7. 
Bloomington, 92. 
Blue Lodges, 74, 81. 
Blue River, 41, 253. 
Blumont College, 151. 
Blunt, 124, 149, 159, 160, 165. 
Blunt's Staff, Massacre of, 156. 
Board of Control, 282. 
Board of Health. 215. 
Bogus Statutes, 122. 
Bogus Legislature, 137. 
Bondi, August, Quoted, 100. 
Boom, Kansas, 219. 
Border, Across the, 72. 
Boss-Busters, 280. 
Botkin, J. D., 286. 
Boudinot, 59. 

Boundary of Kansas. 11, 51, 71, 123. 
Bourgmont, 25-26. 
Branscomb. 76, 218. 
Branson, Jacob, 90. 
Brewer. David J.. 230. 
Brewerton, 7, 302. 
Brlstow, J. L., 286, 288. 
Brown, John, 97, 98, 100, 119, 133- 

130, 250. 
Brown's Brigade. 162. 
Brown, Frederick, 100, 134. 
Brown, G. W., 76. 106, 301 
Brown, Jason, 133. 
Brown, J. C, 73. 
Brown, Mary A., 136. 
Bryant, W. C, 200. 
Bi-yan, W. J., 254. 
Buffalo, 174, 185, 222. 
Buffalo Bill, 184. 

Buchanan. Pres. James, 127, 168. 
Buford of Alabama, 95. 
Butterfield Overland Stage Co., 130. 
Burton, J. R., 272, 285. 
Butler County, 211. 
Byron's Ford, 162. 



Cabeca de Vaca, 16-18. 

Cabell, 163. 

Cabin Creek, 152, 158. 

Catholic, 59, 62, 194. 

Caldwell, City of, 229. 

Caldwell, Alexander, 186, 196. 

California Road, 48. 

California, 104, 116, 211. 

Caloocan, 206. 

Calumpet, 266-7. 

Calhoun, Pres., 111. 

Campbell, J. F., 117. 

Camp Leedy, 260. 

Camp Alger, 261. 

Candlebox. Returns, 113. 

Canfield, Dr., 216. 

Capitals, Territorial, 136. 

Capitol Building, 275-6-7. 

Carney's Administration, 149-151.- 

Carney, Thomas, 159, 222, 312. 

Carnegie, Andrew, 298. 

Carruth, W. H., 7, 318, 

Carson, Kit. 41. 

Cattle Trade, 184. 

Cato, Judge. 94, 105, 111. 

Cavalry, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh, 

147. 
Census, 80, 143, 184, 232. 
Centennial, 195. 
Chancellor, K. W., 231. 
Chanute, 252. 257. 
Charleston, 136. 
Chattanooga, 168. 
Chautauqua, County. 281. 
Cherryvale, 248, 257. 
Cheyennes, 40, 175, 199, 200. 
Chief Justices of State, 387. 
Chief White Hair, 33. 
Chickamauga, 105. 108, 201. 
Child Labor Law, 282, 288. 
Child, Maria, 230. 
Chippewas, 58. 

Chouteau's Trading Posts, 41. 
Christianity, 22. 
Cibola, Cities of, 19, 21. 
Cimarron Crossing. 44. 
City of Mexico, 109. 
Civil War. 143-108. 
Clark, George Rogers, 31. 
Clark, G. W., 116. 
Clay County, 186. 
Cleveland, Pres.. 212, 240. 
Cloud, Gen.. 166. 
Clover, B. H., 234. 
Clubs, Kansas Federation of, 272-3. 
Coffeyville. 11. 257, 278. 
Coffey, Col., 152. 
Coleman, F. M., 90. 
Colleges, Denominational, 299, 



INDEX. 



393 



Colorado, 44, 160, 195. 211. 

Colored Troops, 149, 162, 262. 

Colors of State, 168. 

Colpetzer, William, 117. 

Columbian Exposition, 245-6. 

Comanches, 33, 54, 56, 177. 

Commission, Government, in Cities, 
288. 

Commissioners, State Railroad, 233. 

Compostela, 18, 19. 

Compromise of 1850, 67. 

Congress, 52, 68, 95, 127, 211. 

Congressmen, 388. 

Congressional Delegate, First, 80. 

Congressional Investigation Com- 
mittee, 95. 

Connelley, W. F., 7. 

Constitutions, Territorial, 138. 

Constitution, State, Making of, 
121-132. 

Constitution of the State, with 
Amendments, Appendix. 

Conway, Martin F., 126. 

Conway Springs, 226, 228. 

Cooke, Col. Phillips St. George, 101, 
102, 105, 106. 

Cooper Memorial College, 216. 

Cordley, Dr., 154, 155. 

Corinth, 149, 164. 

Coronado, 14, 17, 18-23, 44. 

Corn, 227, 257, 293. 

Coxey Army, 248. 

Couch, Capt., 211. 

Council Grove, 22, 41, 44, 45, 72. 

County, Description and Maps, 320. 

County Organization, 221. 

County-Seat Difficulties, 221. 

Cowboy, 184. 

Craddock, W. H., 274. 

Crandall. Prudence, 196. 

Crawford's Administration, 172-182. 

Crawford. Samuel J., 170. 

Creeks, 210. 

Crozier, Robert, 196. 

Cuba, 258. 

Culiacan, 19. 

Curtis,. Gen., 157. 161. 163, 175. 

Curtis, Charles E., 285. 

Cushing, Mrs. Harriet, 273. 

Custer, 178, 247. 



Daniels, Percy, 241. 

Daughters of American Revolution, 

99, 253. 282. 283, 284, 285. 
Davis, Jefeerson. 80, 99, 127, 139. 
Delahay, Mark W., 145. 
Deitzler, Gen., 145, 146, 159, 166. 
Delassns, Don Carlos, 29. 
Delawares, 58. 



Democratic Party, 70. 

Denver, .Tames W., 112, 113, 116 

119, 120. 
Denver, City of, 116. 
De Soto, 21. 
Dewey, Admiral, 258. 
Dickinson County. 21, 186. 
Dillon, Judge, 208. 
Disaster of 1874, 194. 
Dodge City, 21, 184, 251. 
Donaldson, Marshal, 96, 99. 
Doniphan, 48, 77, 125. 
Douglas, 92, 242. 
Douglas House, 243-4. 
Douglas, Stephen A., 68, 80, 119. 

228. 
Douglas County Grand Jury, 96. 
Dow, Charles M., 90. 
Doyle, James P., 98. 
Drake, Sir Francis, 19. 
Drought of 1860, 130. 
Dull Knife, 179. 
Dunsmore, J. M., 242. 
Dunsmore Flouse, 242-4. 
Dunbar, Prof., 71. 
Dutch Henry's Crossing, 98. 
Dyche, Prof., 246. 
Drywood, 147. 
Drysdale, W. S. 



E 



Early Books, 301-2. 
Earp, John E., 216. 
Easton, Gen., 91. 
Economic Growth, 202-223. 
Educational Exhibit, 246. 
Educational Institutions, 114, 151. 

216, 297-299. 
Educational Report, 248. 
Egypt. 238. 

Eight-Hour Labor Law, 236. 
Eighteenth Kansas, 175. 
Eighth Infantry, 149. 
Ellsworth, 225. 
Elder, P. P., 223. 
Ellis County, 186, 193, 222. 
Election of 1862, 149. 
Election of 1864, 178. 
Election of 1868, 181. 
Election of 1872, 186. 
Election of 1876, 196. 
Election of 1878, 201. 
Election of 1880, 204. 
Election of 1882, 209. 
Election of 1884, 212. 
Election of 1886, 218. 
Election of 1888, 223. 
Election of 1890, 234. 
Election of 1892, 239. 
Election of 1894, 249, 



394 



H^DEX. 



Election of 1896, 254. 

Election of 1898, 264. 

Election of 1900, 272. 

Election of 1902, 273. 

Election of 1904, 280. 

Election of 1906, 285. 

Election of 1908, 286. 

Eldridge House, 96, 153, 284. 

Elliot, Capt. D. G., 266. 

Eleventh Cavalry, 165. 

Emigrant Aid Society, New Eng- 
land, 73-74, 81, 107, 217, 301. 

Emigrant Aid Society, New York 
and Connecticut, 74. 

Emigration Society, Union Washing- 
ton, 74. 

Emporia Normal. See State Nor- 
mal. 

Emporia, 200, 216, 259, 278. 

Emporia College, 216. 

Enslow, R. S., 267. 

English Colony, 186. 

English Bill, 119. 

European Immigration, 191. 

Escansaques, 22. 

Ewing, Gen., 158, 159, 165. 

Exploration, Period of, 14-50. 

Exodus, The, 204. 

Exoduster, 204-205. 



F 



Fagan, Gen., 158. 

Famished Woman's Fork, 200. 

Farrelly, Hugh, 286. 

Farmers' Alliance, 232-234. 

Father Charles La Croix, 59. 

Father John Shoenmaker, 59. 

Father Padilla, 22. 

Fayetteville Road, 48. 

Filipino Insurgents. 265, 267. 

Fifteenth Amendment, 183. 

Finney County, 221. 

First Kansas Infantry, 164. 

First Kansas Battery, 165. 

First Kansas Militia, 218. 

First Kansas Colored, 152. 

First Montana, 266. 

Fiske, John, 7. 

Fitch, Col. T. G., 261. 

Flags, 29. 35, 39, 105, 144, 244, 

266, 285. 
Flenniken, R. P., 80. 
Flood of '44, 130. 
Flood Years, 1903-1904, 277. 
Florida, 16. 

Fourth of July Creek, 32. 
Four American Pioneers, 41. 
Franklin, Mo., 44. 
Pranklin, Fort, 91, 99, 100. 
Frankfort, 253. 



Francis, Gov., 228, 280. 
Fraser, John, 189. 
France, 24, 28, 136. 
French Explorations, 24. 
Fremont, Gen., 40, 148. 
Free-State Party, 89, 90, 92, 93, 

98, 101, 110, 117, 122. 
Free-State Leaders, Arrest of, 94. 
Free Silver, 254. 
Freedman's Association, 204. 
Free State College, 107. 
Free State Prisoners, 95. 
Free State Hotel, 96, 153. 
Frontier Guard, 144. 
Forces, Consolidation 'of, 149. 
Forsythe, Col., 178. 
Fossil Discovery, 221. 
Fort Adams, 36. 
Fort Aubrey, 46. 
Fort Blair, 156. 
Fort Blunt, 152. 
Fort Dodge, 44, 181, 200. 
Fort Ellsworth. 181. 
Fort Gibson, 152, 157. 
Fort Hayes, 178, 181. 
Fort Kearney, 157. 
Fort Larned, 176, 181. 
Fort Leavenworth, 82, 130, 148, 

149, 165, 218. 
Fort Orleans, 25, 26. 
Fort Riley Military Road. 48. 
Fort Riley, 64, 83. 95, 247. 
Fort Scott, 48, 64. 116, 119, 147, 

148. 163, 211. 226. 
Fort Sheridan. 178. 
Fort Smith, 156. 
Fort Wallace, 178. 181. 
Fugitive Slave Law, 69. 
Funston, Fred, 258, 261, 263, 265, 

267, 268. 



Gale Block, 141. 

Gano, Gen., 158. 

G. A. R. Post, 211, 225, 288. 

Garfield, 204, 221. 

Garrison, 67, 73, 245. 

Gas at lola, 251. 

Gas City, 252. 

Gage, G. G., 253. 

Gallego, Juan, 20. 

Geary's Administration, 104-108, 

110. 
Germantown, 191. 
German Baptist, 216. 
Gihon, John H., 7. 
Girls' Industrial School, 225. 
Gladstone, T. H., 7, 96, 302. 
Gljck, G. W., 209. 
Click's Administration, 210-214. 



IIVDEX. 



395 



Gold Standard, 254. 

Goodland, 251. 

Goodin, 201. 

Goss, Col. U. S., 238. 

Governors of Kansas, 384. 

Grafton, Edward, 278. 

Grant, U. S., 113, 181, 187, 209, 

230. 
Graham County, 205. 
Grauge, 186. 
Grand Village, 59. 
Grasshopper Invasion, 194-195. 
Gray, Mrs. Mary F., 273. 
Greer, Samuel W., 145. 
Greer, Mrs. Clotilda Hilton, 199. 
Great Bend, 21, 45, 227. 
Great Britain, 185. 
Greenback-Labor Party, 196, 201, 

209, 212. 
Great Salt Lake Trail, 48. 
Gregg, 7. 

Greely County, 22. 
Griffith, W. K., 124. 
Gunn, L. C, 243. 
Guthrie, 229. 



H 



Hairgrove, William and Asa, 117. 
Hale, Edward Everett, 7, 205. 301. 
Hall, Amos, 117. 
Hall, Austin. 117. 
Hamilton, Charles, 117. 
Hamilton County, 221. 
Harris, William A., 256, 285. 
Harbor Convention, 228. 
Harrison, Benjamin, 223. 
Harmony Mission, 59. 
Harper's Ferry, 133, 134. 
Harvey, James M., 181, 196, 249, 

313. 
Harvey's Administration, 183-189. 
Harvey, Capt., 105. 
Harvey County-, 193. 
Haskell Institute, 211. 
Havana, 258. 

Hayes,. Rutherford B., 196, 209. 
Hayes, Town of, 272, 297. 
Herald of Freedom, 76, 77, 96, 106, 

301. 
Hiawatha, 289. 
Hickory Point, 90, 105. 
Highest Point in Kansas, 11. 
Highland University, 115. 
History of Kansas, 7, 212. 
Historical Society, 7, 19, 20, 38, 

61, 77. 131, 135, 136, 219, 266, 

278, 288, 304. 
Hoch, Edward W., 280. 
Hocb's Administration, 281-287. 



Hoch, Miss Anna, 282. 

Holland, J. G., Quoted, 67. 

Holliday, Gen., 159. 

HoUister's Battery, 165. 

Homestead Law, 168, 205. 

Homesteader, 263. 

Hopkins' Battery, 165. 

Hopkins, Maj. Henry, 158. 

Hopoeithleyohola, 148. 

Horton, Chief .Justice, 244. 

Horner, 305. 

Howe, E. W., 308. 

Hoyt, Col., 160. 

Hudson, Gen. .J. K., 260-261. 

Hugoton, 221. 

Humphrey, 223. 

Humphrey's Administration, 224- 

240. 
Hunt, .Josie, 305. 
Huntsman, Private, 267. 
Hutchinson, 215, 227, 278, 294. 



latan, 144. 

Immigration, 106. 

Immigration, Years of Great, 183- 

201. 
Inman, Col. Henry, 7, 46, 48, 304. 
Independence Hall, 129. 
Industrial Affairs, 129, 168, 225, 

227. 292. 
Industrial Development, Period of, 

265-290. 
Industrial Union. 234. 
Indians, 16, 20, 54. 
Indian Country, 51-65. 
Indian Raids, 175, 183, 228. 
Indian Service in Civil War, 148. 
Indian Territory, 200. 
Introductory, 11. 
International Encyclopedia, 198. 
Independence Creek, 32, 59. 
Independence, 44, 160, 257. 
Infantry, First, Seventh and Eighth, 

149. 
Infantry, Third and Fourth, 147. 
Infantry, Third, Fourth and Tenth, 

149. 
Ingalls, John J., 124, 142. 188, 189, 

202, 215, 235, 247, 303, 309, 316. 
Invasion of March 30. 81-82, 
Invasion of 2,700, 106. 
lola, 251, 257. 
Iowa, 51, 106. 
lowas, 25, 58, 62. 
Irrigation, 235, 250. 
Irving, 7. 
Irwin, 62. 
Isopete, 20. 



396 



INDEX. 



Jackson, Attorney-Generdl, 286. 

Jefferson, 28, 31, 67. 

Jefferson City, 159. 

Jarmarillo, 20. 

Jayhawker, The, 116, 117. 

Jennison, Col., 147. 

Jennison, Dr. Charles R., 117. 

Jesuits, 59. 

Jewell County, 293. 

Johnson, Elizabeth, 40. 

Johnson, Col., 102, 147. 

Johnson, Rev., 137. 

Johnson, Associate Justice, 244. 

Jones, J. T., "Tawa," 61. 

Jones, Sheriff, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 

106, 111, 284. 
Judson, 148. 
Junction City, 206. 
Juvenile Court, 282. 



K 



Kansas, The Name, 55. 

Kansas, Organized as Territory, 69. 

Kansas Free State, 96. 

Kansas, Admission of, 124, 127. 

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 66. 67-70, 71, 
72, 79, 80, 82, 88, 125, 205, 206, 
279. 

Kansas Building, 245. 

Kansas Brigade, 148. 

Kansas Conflict, 7, 92. 

Kansas Day, 206, 256, 280. 

Kansas Emigrant, Song of, 77. 

Kansas History, 275. 

Kansas Historical Society. See His- 
torical Collection. 

Kansas Herald, 91. 

Kansas, Its Interior and Exterior 
Life, 7, 102. 

Kansas Literature. 300. 

Kansas Magazine, 302. 

Kansas Patriotism, 143, 258. 

Kansas Spring, 7. 

Kansas Troops in Indian Territory, 
152. 

Kansas University. See State Uni- 
versity. 

Kansas Volunteers, 144, 147, 164. 

Kansas City, 11, 32, 44, 51, 95, 278. 

Kansas City Journal, 228. 

Kansas Pacific, 169, 185, 193. 

Kansas River, 11. 21, 25, 32, 48. 

Kansas Indians, 278. 

Kanorado, 11. 

Kanzas, 25, 54, 57, 58, 71. 

Kaskaskias, 58. 

Kaw Reservation, 209, 

Kickapoos, 58. 



Kingman, 227. 
Kingman, Samuel R., 316. 
Kiowas, 175, 177. 
Kindergarten, Free, 285. 
Knights of Labor, 234. 
K. T. Did, 306. 



Labor Commission, 215. 

Labor Party, 186. 

Labor Bureau, 215. 

Labor Day, 236. 

La Harpe, 252. 

Lake Sibley, 175. 

Lane, James H., 89, 91, 92, 93, 100, 

101, 142, 145, 148, 154, 160, 181, 

250, 310. 
Lane's Army, 102. 
Lane's Brigade, 147. 
Lane County, 247. 
Lane Succession, 388. 
Lansing, 151. 
Larned, 38, 46. 
Larned's History, 7. 
Lawrence, 41, 74. 75, 76. 79, 91, 

92, 96, 100, 106. 107. 112, 116, 

122, 133, 138, 139, 143, 1.52, 198, 

199, 201, 205, 211, 253, 278, 262, 

301. 
Lawrence, Siege of, 99. 
Lawrence, Invasion of 2,700, 105. 
Lawrence, Sack of, 126. 
Lawrence, Amos A., 73, 107, 151, 

217. 
Lawrence Republican, 134. 
Lawrence University. See State 

University, 21. 
Leedy. John W., 254. 
Leedy's Administration, 256-264. 
Lee, Albert L., 165. 
Leavenworth, Fort, 64, 79. 
Leavenworth Constitution, 113. 
Leavenworth Herald. 75. 
Leavenworth, Col. Henry, 64. 
Leavenworth. 48, 75, 89, 92, 104, 

105, 125, 144, 146, 149, 172, 198, 

211. 
Leavenworth, Mob at, 101. 
Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galves- 
ton Railroad, 208. 
Lecompte, Samuel D., 80, 94. 
Lecompton, 91. 94, 95, 96, 101, 105, 

112. 122, 126, 127, 134. 
Lecompton Const. Convention, 110, 

111. 
Lecompton Constitution, 112, 119, 

138. 
Legislature, Topeka, 93. 
Legislatures, Territorial, 138. 
Legislature 1861, 141-142. 



INDEX. 



397 



Leigslature 1863. 151. 
Legislature 18(j4, 151-152. 
Legislature 1865, 172. 
Legislature 1869, 183. 
Legislature 1873, 189. 
Legislature 1874, 196. 
Legislature 1877, 198. 
Legislature 1879, 202. 
Legislature 1881, 203. 
Legislature 1883, 210. 
Legislature 1885, 215. 
Legislature 1889, 224. 
Legislature 1891, 235-36. 
Legislature 1893, 241. 
Legislature 1895, 250. 
Legislature 1897, 256. 
Legislature 1899, 265. 
Legislature 1901, 272. 
Legislature 1903, 275. 
Legislature 1905, 281. 
Legislature 1907, 285. 
Legislature 1909, 288. 
Legislature, Special Sessions, 264, 

286. 
Legislative War, 241-245. 
Legislature, Topeka. See Topeka 

Legislature. 
Le Marais du Cygnes-Wtiittier, 117. 
Le Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 

116. 
Lewelling, Lorenzo D., 240, 316. 
Lewelling's Administration, 241- 

249. 
Lewis, Capt. Merriwetlier, 31. 
Lewis, ^ym. H., 200. 
Lewis & Clark Expedition. 31-32. 
Liberator, The, 134. 
Libraries, 272. 298. 
Lieutenant Governors of Kansas, 

384. 
Limitation of Settlement Theory, 

51. 
Lincoln, Abraham. 114. 125, 126, 

129, 145, 165, 168, 170. 
Lincoln's Call for Volunteers, 143. 
Lincoln Day, 285, 288. 
Lindsborg. 21. 
Lindsay. Col. H. C, 261. 
Lines, C. B.. 102. 
Linn County. 33, 64, 117, 163. 
Little Col., 261. 
Little Blue, Battle of. 160. 
Little Osage. 148, 163. 
Literature, Kansas, 7, 12, 300. 
Livestock, 28. 
Livingston, 28. 
Local Histories, 304. 
Locomotive. First, 185. 
Long, Chester I.. 275. 286. 
Long, Stephen H., 40. 
Louis XIV, 24. 



Lcuisiana Territory, 24. 
Louisiana Purchase, 27, 28. 
Louisiana, 51, 66, 67, 204. 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 272, 

279-280. 
Lovejoy, 67. 
Lowell Quoted, 67, 206. 
Lowest Point in Kansas, 11. 
Lutheran, 216. 
Lyons, Gen. Nathaniel, 146, 227. 

M 

Macabee Farm, 161. 

MacArthur, Gen., 266. 

Machine, 280. 

Maine, Destruction of, 258-9. 

Malgares, Lieut., 35, 38. 

Manahan, Reseil, 267. 

Manhattan, 76, 189, 200. 

Manila, 258, 263, 265. 

Mantanzas, 259. 

Manual Training. 275. 

Manufactures, 295. 

Man Without a Country, 206. 

Martin, John A., 122, 124, 196, 212, 

227, 230, 242, 2.50, 317. 
Martin's Administration, 215-223. 
Martin, Geo. W., 166. 
Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 117, 

134. 
Marble in Memory, 284. 
Marion County, 193. 
Marshall County, 48. 
Marmaduke, General, 158. 
Martyr, Father Padilla, 22. 
Massachusetts, 73, 134. 
Matagorda Bay, 16. 
McCoy, Isaac, 55, 61, 302. 
McCoy, Joseph, 184. 
McCarter, Margaret Hill, 7. 
McDowell's Creek. 21. 
McDowell, Wm. C, 124. 
McGhee County, 110. 
McPherson, 216, 227. 
McPherson County, 48. 
McTaggart, Capt. Wm., 266. 
McKinley, Wm., 254, 263, 270, 272. 
M. de Bienville, 24. 
Metcalf, Gen. W. S., 268. 
Medary, Governor. 121, 126, 127. 
Medicine Lodge, 226. ' 

Meeker, .Jothan, 61. 
Mendoza, 18. 

Mennonites, 191. 193. 216. 
Methodist. 60, 114, 216. 
Mexico, 18. 43, 48, 220. 
Miamis, 58. 
Midland College, 208. 
Miller, Sol, 77. 
Mineral Wealth, 259, 294. 



398 



INDEX. 



Mine Creek, 163. 

Minneola, 113, 114. 

Mississippi River, 11, 21, 24, 28, 

50, 204. 
Misbouri, 33, 51, 58, G6, 72, 80, 

81, 110. 
Missouri Compromise, 66, 67, 68, 

69, 71. 
Missouri, Kansas Troops in, 146. 
Missouri Indians, 25. 
Missouri River, 25, 31, 33, 50, 51. 
Missions, 59. 
Missionaries, 22. 
Missouri Pacific R. R., 217. 
Mitchel, Robt. B., 146-7. 
Mitchel, D. P., 201. 
Mullican, Col., 148. 
Mo., Kans. & Tex. R. R., 169. 
Monuments, 39, 253. 
Monalian, Deane, 303. 
Monroe, James, 29. 
Montgomery, Col., 117, 149, 
Montgomery County, 11. 
Moonlight, Col., 62, 160, 163, 218. 
Morgan Raid, 165. 
Morris County, 204. 
Mortgage Law, 224, 234. 
Moore, Col., 175. 
Morrill, Edmund H., 168, 254. 289, 

318. 
Morrill's Administration, 250-255. 
Morris County, 204. 
Morse, G. C, 155. 
Moore, Col., 175. 
Moscoso, 21. 
Mounds, The, 163. 
Mound Builders, 43. 
Mt. Oread, 107, 129. 
Mountains, Mexican, 37. 
Mountains, Wind River, 41. 
Municipal Suffrage Bill, 219. 
Mutual Benefit Association, 234. 
Muncies, 58. 
Murphy, Francis, 198. 

N 

Name, Kansas, 71. 

Napoleon, 28. 

Narvaez, Expedition of, 18. 

Narrative of Struggle, 101. 

Natural Kansas, 11, 12. 

Natchitoches. 38. 

National Cemetery, 218. 

National Educational Association, 

216. 
Nebraska, 106, 123. 
Nemaha County, 48. 
Ncodesha, 248. 251, 257. 
Neosho, 44, 59. 
Nt;osho River, 33. 



Nevada, 211. 

New Basle, 252. 

New England, 76. 

New England Emigrant Aid Soci- 
ety, 73-74. 

New Mexico, 17, 19, 22. 

New Orleans, 28, 218. 

Newspapers, 61, 75, 89, 186, 205, 
300. 

Newton, 184, 216, 252. 

Newtonia, 163. 

New York Tribune, 74. 

Niobrara, 222. 

Nicodemus, Town of, 205. 

Niehaus, Charles Henry, 188, 

Nichols, Mrs. C. I., 125. 

Northrup, Mrs. Margaret, 219. 

Normal High School Law, 288. 

Normal State — See State Normal, 

Non-Intercourse Rule, 43. 

Nova Albion, 19. 

Nute, Rev. Ephriam, 107. 



Oak Hill. 155. 

Oak Council, 44. 

Ohio, 58, 88, 122. 

Oil Discoveries, 257, 281. 

Oklahoma, 210, 228-230, 

Olathe, 159. 

Old Sacremento, 129, 

Old Castle, Baker, 114. 

Onate, 22, 23. 

Opportunity, 309. 

Original Package Case, 231. 

Ornithological Collection, 239. 

Organic Act. 66. 

Oregon Trail. 48. 

Oregon Country, 41. 

Osawatomie, 76, 98, 100, 133, 134, 

135, 151. 
Osborn's Administration, 189-196. 
Osborn, Thomas A., 186, 314. 
Osage Ceded Lands, 208. 
Osage Indians, 25, 33, 44, 54, 57, 

59, 60, 176, 208. 
Osage Mission, 59-60. 
Osceolo, 148. 
Ottawas, 58. 60-61. 
Ottawa. 225, 278. 
Otoe Indians, 25. 
Overmeyer. David, 249, 280, 
Oxford. 110. 



Pacific Ocean, 32, 50. 
Padoucas, 25, 26, 54. 
Paine, Albert Bigelow, 308. 
Palmyra, 98. 



INDEX. 



399 



Paola, 149, 257. 

Parallels, John Brown's, 134, 135. 

Parker, 7. 

Paris Exposition, 228. 

Parrot, Marcus, 111, 145. 

Parsons, 204, 208, 209, 217, 218. 

Papt, Capt. H. Clay, 98, 134. 

Patrick, Ross, 117. 

Patrons of Husbandry, 234. 

Paulson, John, 196. 

Pawnees, 21, 35, 46, 54, 137. 

Pawnee Republic, 33, 35. 

Pawnee Rock, 45. 

Pawnee, Town of, 82, 83. 

Payne, Capt., 210, 211. 

Peck, Geo. R., 230. 

Peffer, Wm. A.. 235. 

Penitentiary, State, 151, 203. 

Peoples' Party, 232, 234, 235, 240, 

254. 
Peorias, 58. 

Perkins, Bishop W., 239. 
Period of Exploration, 14. 
Peru, 18, 281. . 
Phllipps, Wendall, 67, 245. 
Phillips, W. A., 7, 18, 101, 148, 

149, 152, 302. 
Phillips, H. L., 212. 
Philanthropy, Kansas, 211. 
Philippine War, 265-270. , 
Physiology and Hygiene, 215. 
Piankeshaws, 58. 
Pickering, I. O., 240, 249. 
Pierce, 72, 79, 80, 90, 95, 99, 100, 

101, 105. 
Pike's Expedition, 32-38. 
Pike Monument, 40. 
Pike, Zebulon, 33. 

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 43, 51. 
Pike Centennial, 284-5. 
Pilot Knob, 158. 
Pioneer, 207. 
Pioneer Day, 279. 
Pipe Lines Common Carriers, 281. 
Pittsburg, 297. 
Pixley, 59. 

Platte, Purchase, 51, 66. 
Plains, Great, 40. 
Pleasonton, Gen. Alfred, 159, 162. 
Plumb, Preston B., 210, 224, 226, 

228, 239, 313. 
Poetry of Kansas, 305. 
Political Changes, 223-265. 
Pomeroy, Samuel C, 76, 130, 131, 

142, 181, 312. 
Pomeroy Succession, 388. 
Pony Express, 129. 
Pope. 200. 
I'opulation, 72. 
Populist House, 241-244. 
Populist Party — See Peoples' Party. 



Pottawatomies, 33, 58, 98, 133, 134. 

I'owell, Clayton, 166. 

Prairie Grove, 149. 

I'reface, 5. 

Prentis, Caroline, 3, 7. 

Prentis, Noble L., 50, 208, 315. 

Preston, Col., 95. 

Presbyterians, 59, 216. 

Price, Gen. Sterling, 147, 148, 175. 

Price Raid, 156-163. 

Primary Election Law, 286. 

Prohibition Amendment, 203. 

Prohibition, 218, 231, 232, 252, 

286, 288. 
Prohibition Movement, 202. 
Prohibition Party, 223, 235, 240, 

249. 
Pro-Slavery Associations, 74. 
Prosperity, 271. 
Pueblo, 19. 
Puncah River, 52. 
Psalm, 91st, 267. 



Quayle, W. A., 51. 

Quantrill's Raid, 152, 156, 253. 

Quantrill, 284. 

Quivira, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 44. 



Race, Henrietta B., 3. 

Railways in Kansas, 185. 

Railroad Strike, 217. 

Railroad Commissioners, 252. 

Railroad Grants, Result of, 170, 

Railroads, 264. 

Rains. Gen., 147. 

Rankin, J. R. 

Readers, 13. 

Realf, Richard, 305. , 

Records of the State, 166. 

Redpath, James, 102. 

Red River, 35, 52. 

Reeders' Administration, 79-87. 

Reeder, Andrew H., 89, 94, 95, 137. 

Reed, B. L., 117. 

Regiments, Additional Raised, 147. 

Reid, Gen. J. W., 100, 106. 

Reign of Terror, 97. 

Religion of Indians, 56. 

Removal Policy, 57. 

Relief Committee, 194, 195. 

Reno County, 193. 

Republican Party, 69, 122, 196, 

201, 212, 223, 240, 264, 280. 
Republic County, 40, 175. 
Republic City, 35, 285. 
Republican House, 241. 
Rescue of Kansas from Slavery, 7. 



400 



INDEX. 



Review of the Situation, 66. 

Richardson, Gen., 91, 223, 235. 

Rich, Ben C, 243. 

Richie Block, 141. 

Richey, W. E., 20. 

Rifle Christians, 102. 

Riley, Fort, 21. 

Riley, Gen. Bennett, 64. 

Riley County, 151, 186. 

Rio Grande, 18, 19, 20. 

Rio Grande in Philippines, 266-7. 

Rio Pecos, 20. 

Rio Sonora, 19. 

Robinson, Charles, 7, 75, 76, 88, 

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 

107, 126, 139, 141, 144, 209, 234, 

249, 284, 302, 311. 
Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D. L., 7, 

76, 94, 95, 102, 302. 
Robinson, Michael, 117. 
Rocky Mountains, 11, 24, 221. 
Roman Nose, 179. 
Rome, 220. 
Rooks County, 222. 
Root, Lieut. Gov., 141. 
Rosecrans, Gen., 158, 159. 
Ross, Edmund, 124, 181. 
Roosevelt, Theodore, 271, 277, 279. 
Root, Secretary of War, 267, 8. 
Rusk, Jeremiah M., 226. 
Russia, 185, 191, 193, 238. 
Ryan, Congressman, 209. 



Sacs and Foxes, 51, 58. 

Salina Wesleyan, 216. 

Salina, 35, 216. 

Salt Industry, 226. 

Salter, Mrs. Medora, 219. 

San Francisco, 261. 

Santa Fe, 16, 42, 43, 44. 

Santa Fe Trail, 41, 42-48, 282, 283, 

285. 
Santa Fe Land Sale Completed, 

231. 
San Miguel, 42. 
Santiago, 262. 
Sappa, 200. 
San Luis, 263. 
Saunders' Fort, 99, 100. 
Saxon, 15. 
Say, Thomas, 40. 

School District Consolidation, 272. 
School House, Sod, 173. 
Schoolmaster, First, 155. 
Schmidt, C. B., 191. 
Scientific Research, 40. 
Scotch Colony, 186. 
Seal of State, 142. 
Second Kansas Cavalry, 165. 



Second Kansas, 161, 163. 
Second Kansas Militia, 253. 
Secretaries of State, 384. 
Secretary of Agriculture, 226. 
Sedan, 248. 

Sedgwick County Farmers, 211. 
Seed Grain Distributed, 236. 
Seward, William H., 127. 
Seventh Cavalry, 164. 
Sergeant-at-Arms, 243. 
Shannon's Administration, 88-103. 
Shannon, W. T., 104, 137. 
Shannon, W., 7, 104, 137. 
Sharp's Rifles, 82. 
Shawnees, 56, 58, 60. 
Shawnee Mission, 82, 84, 90, 137. 
Shawnee County, 72, 161, 253. 
Shawnee Manual Labor School, 82. 
Shawnee Legislature, 98, 99. 
Shelby, Gen., 158. 
Sheldon, Charles M., 308. 
Sherman County, 11, 251. 
Sherman, William, 98, 175, 176, 

178, 209. 
Sherman, John, 29. 
Sheridan, 95, 177. 
SherifC Jones. See Jones, SherifiE. 
Shoshoni, 56. 
Sibley, Maj., 44. 
Single Tax Clubs, 234. 
Sioux, 176. 

Slavery, Growth of, 66-67. 
Sledge Hammer, 243. 
Slough Creek, 105. 
Slough, John P., 124. 
Smith, A. W., 240. 
SmitJi, Buckingham, 17. 
Smith, Gen., 162. 
Smith, Mrs. M. B., 199. 
Smith, Pcrsifer L, 99. 
Smoky Hill, 21, 221, 247. 
Snow, Chancellor, 221, 231, 236-7, 

269, 317. 
Snyder, Asa, 117. 
Social Science Club, 273. 
Soldiers' Census, 218. 
Soldiers' Home-Coming, 172, 263., 
Soldiers' National liome, 211, 225. 
Soldiers' Orphan Home, 215. 
Solomon Valley, 175. 
Sons of the Revolution, 257. 
South Carolina, 95, 149. 
Southwestern College, 216. 
Spain, 28, 42, 258, 265. 
Spaniards, 16, 24, 238. 
Spanish -American War, 258-264. 
Spanish-American War, Treaty of 

Peace, 263. 
Spanish Exploration, 16-23. 
Spanish Settlements, 17. 
Spanish Troops, 31. 



INDEX. 



401 



Speer, Mr., 154. 

Spooner, William B., 245. 

Spring, 7, 97. 

Sipriug, The John Brown, 282. 

Standard Oil Co., 281. 

Stanley, Henry M., 7. 

Stanley.'s Administration, 265-274. 

Stanley, William E., 264. 

Stanton, Frederick, 108, 109, 110, 

111, 112. 
Stand, Watie, Gen., 152. 
Stars and Stripes Unfurled, 35. 
State Aid, 252. 
State Construction, 141-182. 
State Flower, 207. 
Statehood, Period of, 141-291. 
State House, 183, 202, 223, 236, 

239, 265. 
State Institutions, 215, 298-9. 
State Primary, First, 286. 
State Printing Plant, 282. 
State Printers, 389. 
State Row, 183. 
State Senators, 233. 
State Temperance Union, 286. 
State University, 129, 151, 189, 

203, 217, 222, 236, 237. 245, 246, 

258, 260, 266, 275, 284, 297, 305. 
State Normal, 151, 189, 200, 203, 

252, 260, 270, 297, 307. 
State Agricultural College, 101, 

189, 192, 203, 297. 
St. .John's College, 216. 
State Depository, 282. 
State Imbecile Asylum, 151, 189, 

265. 
State Library, 272. 
State Reform School, 202. 
State Reformatory, 215. 
State Oil Refinery, 281. 
State Penitentiary, 281. 
Statuary Hall, 250. 
Stephens County, 221. 
Sterling, 216, 225, 227. 
Sternberg, C. H., 247. 
Stilwell, William, 117. 
Stilwell, Jack, 179, 180. 
St. John's Administration, 202-208. 
St. John, John P., 199. 
St. Louis, 29, 31, 32, 38, 158, 280. 
St. Anne, 25. 

St. Peters and St. Paul's Day, 21. 
St. Mary's, 62. 
Stoddard, 25. 
Struggle in Kansas, 79-87. 
Strip, The, 229. 
Strickler, Gen., 91. 
Stringfellow, 72, 81. 
Stubbs, W. R., 286. 
Stubbs' Administration, 288-291. 
Sturdevant, Mrs. Sarah, 38. 



Squatter Associations, 74. 
Squatter Sovereignty, 68. 
Subterranean River, 251. 
Sugar Bounty, 226. 
Sugar Beet Bounty, 226. 
Sugar Manufactories, 225. 
Sully, Gen., 177. 
Sumner, Charles, 68. 
Sumner, Col., 92, 98, 99. 
Sunflower, 45, 207, 275, 305. 
Supreme Court, 230, 232, 244. 
Superintendents of Public Instruc- 
tion, 386. 
Swedish Colony, 186. 
Swensson, Carl A., 317. 
Sword, Old Spanish, 20. 
Sykes, Maj.-Gen., 157, 159. 



Taft, Lorado, 236. 

Taft, William H., 279, 286. 

Tallerand, 29. 

Tartary, 19. 

Taxation, 234. 

Tax Law of 1907, 285. 

Teachers' Institutes, 198. 

Teachers' Examinations, 215. 

Te Deum, 26. 

Temperance, 202. 

Temperance Movement, 198. 

Temperance Society, State, 198. 

Temperance Union, 199. 

Temperance Camp Meeting, 199. 

Tennessee, 204. 

Tennessee Town, 205. 

Tenth Kansas. 158, 165, 261. 

Territorial Judiciary, 94. 

Territorial Government, 185. 

Territorial Governor, First, 79. 

Territorial Period, 66. 

Territorial Legislatures, 81, 90, 94, 

110, 112, 121, 126. 
Territorial Militia, 105. 
Territorial Officers, 382. 
Texas, 16, 67, 184, 204, 218, 228. 
Texas Cavalry, 148. 
Text Book Law. 256. 
Text Book Commission, 256. 
Thatcher, Salon O., 124, IVO. 
Thanksgiving Day, 106. 
Thayer, Eli, 73, 81, 201, 248. 
Tignex, 19. 
Tisne, M. du, 24, 
Titus, Fort, 99, 100. 
Titus, Col., 180. 
Topeka, 41, 75, 123, 143, 198, 201, 

205, 228, 252, 254, 260, 261. 
Topeka, Capital, 319. 
I'opcka Movement. 88, 89, 93, 99, 

113, 138. 277, 278. 



402 



INDEX. 



Topeka Constitution, 89, 98, 139, 

254. 
Topeka Legislature, 98, 99, 107, 

113, 126, 139. 
Topeka Higli Sctiool, 267. 
Toronto, 39. 

Towns Founded, First, 75. 
Traders, Indian, 52. 
Trading Posts, 41, 64, 117, 163. 
Trail, Tiie First, 42. 
Trail, Santa Fe, 42, 48. 
Trail, Oregon, 48. 
Trails, Famous, 42. 
Treasurers of State, 385. 
Treaty, Secret, 28, 29. 
Treaty, Louisiana, 29. 
Treaty of 1^67, 176. 
Trembly, Private, 267. 
Tribune, 221. 
Troy, 125. 
Truancy Law, 275. 
Trudeau, James, 179, 180. 
Tusk, 20. 
Turkey Creek, 48. 
Twentieth Kansas, 261, 263, 265, 

266, 267, 268. 
Twenty-first Kansas, 261, 262, 263. 
Twenty-second Kansas, 261, 262, 

263. 
Twenty-third Kansas, 262, 263. 
Two-Cent Fare Law, 285. 



U 



TJdden, J. A., 20. 

TTnited States Circiiit Court, 208. 

United States Supreme Court, 208. 

iTTnited States Senators, 299. 

United States Bureau of Ethnolo- 
gy, 7, 22. 

United States Institutions, 299. 

Union Labor, 223. 

Union Pacific Railroad, 170, 185. 

Union Pacific Railroad Grant, 109. 

United Presbyterians, 216. 
JJniform Freight Rates, 282. 
'Uniontown, 72. 

University, State, Instituted, 106. 

Updegraff, W. W., 141. 



Veal, Col., 161. 
Viceroy of Mexico, 18. 
Vicksburg, 164. 
Vigilencia, 262. 
Virginia, 134, 135, 211. 
Virginians, 31. 
Villazur, 24. 
Village des Causez, 59. 



Violence, Reign of, 88-120. 

W 

Wabaunsee, 76, 102. 

Wabaunsee County, 21. 

Wabash Valley, 58. 

Wagstaff, W. R., 150. 

Wakarusa War. 80, 90, 93, 96, 133. 

Walker, Capt. Sam, 144. 

Walch, Hugh S., 116, 120. 

Walker, Sam, 100. 

Walker, Gov. R. J., 108, 109, 111, 

114. 
Walker, T. H., 187. 
Walls of Corn, 213, 305. 
War in Kansas, 145. 
War with Great Britain, 38. 
War, French and Indian, 28. 
Ware, Eugene F., 7, 15, 135, 305. 
Ware, David, 223. 
Way, Amanda, 199. 
Washington, 105, 210, 262. 
Washington, City of, 188. 
Washington, County of, 48. 
Weas, 58. 
Weather, 252. 
Wells, Fargo Express, 130. 
Welsh Colony, 186. 
Wellington, 226. 
Wellington, City of, 211. 
Westport, 44, 82, 88. 161, 162. 
Western Branch State Normal, 272. 
Western Engineer, 40. 
Wheat, 257, 292. 
Whig Party, 69. 
White, Private, 267. 
White, Marten, 100. 
White, William Allen, 7, 308. 
White Rock Creek, 175. 
Whitfield, .John W., 80, 89, 98, 106. 
Whittler, J. G., 67, 77, 93, 118, 

206. 
Weer, Col., 149. 
Wichita, 184. 206, 211, 220. 
Wilder, D. W., 7, 207, 245. 
Wilder, A. C, 145, 149. 
Wild Bill, 184. 
Wilder's Annals, 216. 
Wilkinson, Sheriff, 243. 
Wilkinson, Allen, 98. 
Wilkinson, Lieut., 36. 
Willard, Frances, 199. 
Willey, Private, 267. 
Williams, James M., 152. 
Williams, May, 158. 
Willitts, J. F., 235. 
Wilson County, 248. 
Wilson Bill, 232. 

Wilson's Creek, Battle of, 146, 147. 
Wiuchell, .Tames M., 122. 



INDEX. 



403 



Winfield, 203, 215, 278. 

Winslow's Brigade, 162. 

Wisconsin Battery, 162. 

Woman's Day, 279. 

Woman's Suffrage, 212, 249. 

Woman's Christian Temperance So- 
ciety, 199. 

Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union, 199, 225, 286. 

Woodson, Daniel, 79, 84, 99, 100. 

Wooasdale, 221. 



Wyandotte, 204, 217. 

Wyandottes, 58. 

Wyandotte Constitvitional Conven- 
tion. 122-125, 138, 206, 230. 

Wyandotte Constitution, 122-125, 
127. 

Y 

Yale University, 222. 

Year 1894, 248. 

Y. M. C. A., National, 277. 



